Anatomical considerations for left bundle branch area pacing

Over the past decade, left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) has been established as a novel modality in conduction system pacing. However, successful implementation of LBBAP necessitates a thorough understanding of anatomical landmarks, physiology, and histology to accurately identify the optimal pacing site. Various anatomical factors can significantly influence both the procedural success and long-term effectiveness of LBBAP. This review aims to provide a practical overview of the most relevant anatomical considerations and potential complications associated with LBBAP, offering valuable insights for electrophysiologists to enhance procedural success and minimize complications