Human Papillomavirus Across the Reproductive Lifespan: An Integrative Review of Fertility, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Fertility-Sparing Management

Background and Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide and, beyond its oncogenic potential, may impair reproductive health in both sexes. This review examines HPV’s effects on male and female fertility, obstetric outcomes, vertical transmission, and fertility-sparing management in oncology. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was conducted using terms related to HPV and reproduction. Additional search terms included those related to therapeutic vaccines, antivirals, and genotype prevalence. English-language human studies reporting clinical reproductive outcomes were included. Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently screened and assessed study quality using a simplified GRADE framework. Results: In men, seminal HPV infection correlates with reduced progressive motility (SMD ≈ −0.85), abnormal morphology, and increased DNA fragmentation. In women, high-risk HPV doubles the odds of infertility (OR ≈ 2.3) and is associated with endometrial involvement. High first-trimester viral load predicts vertical transmission (aOR 6.4), which is also increased by vaginal delivery (RR 1.8) and is linked to PROM (OR 1.8) and preterm birth (OR 1.8). Modeling suggests that nine-valent vaccination plus 5-year HPV-based screening could reduce CIN2+ by up to 80% and excisional treatments by >75%. Fertility-sparing surgery in early cervical cancer yields a <4% recurrence and up to 68% live birth rates. Conclusions: This review uniquely synthesizes reproductive and oncologic impacts of HPV and emphasizes risk stratification, multidisciplinary prevention, and fertility preservation. Integration of HPV DNA quantification, personalized care, and vaccine-based strategies offers a path toward optimized outcomes in both sexes.