Digitization is increasingly permeating primary production activities, as demonstrated by the use of AI for predictive purposes, e.g., for long-term weather forecasts, precision agriculture, the use of digital platforms as tools for online marketing of own production, the use of blockchain for the certification of the production process or traceability, and the use of so-called smart contracts. The digital transition brings with it ‘new contracts’ for agri-food businesses, which are mostly intended to intervene upstream of production activities and usually involve large operators, with the consequent risks of economic and negotiating power asymmetries between the parties. However, it does not appear that, to date, this sector has been adequately taken into account by either EU or national legislators, since EU legislation currently offers minimal protection to the professional counterparts of large digital operators, such as the DMA or EU Regulation 2019/1150. In addition, EU Directive 2019/633 on combating unfair commercial practices in contracts in the agri-food supply chain cannot be taken into consideration, given that the contracts in question do not involve a transfer of ownership of agricultural or food products. Even the domestic legislation implementing EU Directive 2019/633 cannot help, since the Italian State, although it could have increased the protection offered, at a minimum, by the directive, has also excluded from its scope contracts through which agricultural and agri-food companies procure services exclusively.
La digitalizzazione sta sempre più pervadendo l’attività produttiva primaria: si pensi all’uso di dell’IA a scopo predittivo, ad es. per le previsioni meteo anche a lunga scadenza, all’agricoltura di precisione, all’utilizzo di piattaforme digitali come canali per la commercializzazione online della propria produzione, all’utilizzo di blockchain a fini di certificazione del processo produttivo o della tracciabilità e all’operatività dei c.d. smart contracts. La transizione digitale porta con sé “nuovi contratti” per le imprese agroalimentari, destinati ad intervenire per lo più a monte dell’attività produttiva, i quali vedono coinvolti operatori usualmente di grandi dimensioni, con i conseguenti rischi di asimmetrie di potere economico e negoziale tra le parti. Tuttavia, non pare che, a tutt’oggi, questo settore sia stato adeguatamente preso in considerazione dal legislatore tanto unionale quanto nazionale, dal momento che la disciplina unionale offre, allo stato, una tutela minima alle controparti professionali dei grandi operatori digitali, si pensi al DMA o al regolamento UE 2019/1150; a ciò si aggiunga che la direttiva UE 2019/633 sul contrasto alle pratiche commerciali sleali nei contratti della filiera agroalimentare non può venire in considerazione, posto che con la contrattazione in oggetto non si realizza un trasferimento della proprietà di prodotti agricoli o alimentari. Neppure la disciplina interna di recepimento della direttiva 2019/633 può essere d’aiuto, dal momento che lo Stato italiano, pur potendo incrementare la tutela offerta, in via minimale, dalla direttiva, ha parimenti escluso dal suo ambito di operatività i contratti con cui le imprese agricole e alimentari si procurano servizi.
Le nuove sfide della digitalizzazione nei contratti della filiera agroalimentare
Luigi Russo
2025
Abstract
Digitization is increasingly permeating primary production activities, as demonstrated by the use of AI for predictive purposes, e.g., for long-term weather forecasts, precision agriculture, the use of digital platforms as tools for online marketing of own production, the use of blockchain for the certification of the production process or traceability, and the use of so-called smart contracts. The digital transition brings with it ‘new contracts’ for agri-food businesses, which are mostly intended to intervene upstream of production activities and usually involve large operators, with the consequent risks of economic and negotiating power asymmetries between the parties. However, it does not appear that, to date, this sector has been adequately taken into account by either EU or national legislators, since EU legislation currently offers minimal protection to the professional counterparts of large digital operators, such as the DMA or EU Regulation 2019/1150. In addition, EU Directive 2019/633 on combating unfair commercial practices in contracts in the agri-food supply chain cannot be taken into consideration, given that the contracts in question do not involve a transfer of ownership of agricultural or food products. Even the domestic legislation implementing EU Directive 2019/633 cannot help, since the Italian State, although it could have increased the protection offered, at a minimum, by the directive, has also excluded from its scope contracts through which agricultural and agri-food companies procure services exclusively.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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