Evolutionary and anthropological perspectives on the sella turcica: from vertebrate origins to neurosurgical relevance

The sella turcica, a saddle-shaped depression of the sphenoid bone, serves as a critical anatomical structure housing the pituitary gland and holds significant evolutionary, clinical, and anthropological importance. This review traces the evolutionary origins of the sella turcica from early vertebrates through mammalian and primate evolution, emphasizing its role in the stabilization and protection of neuroendocrine functions. Morphological stability of the sella turcica across hominin evolution highlights strong selective pressures on cranial base anatomy, despite broader craniofacial diversification. Anthropologically, the sella turcica provides a durable landmark for craniometric analyses, forensic reconstructions, and paleoanthropological investigations, revealing patterns of sex-based dimorphism, population variation, and disease prevalence. Developmental anomalies such as empty sella syndrome and pituitary hypoplasia illustrate the evolutionary trade-offs between increased encephalization and cranial vulnerability. Integrating historical, paleopathological, and clinical perspectives, this article underscores the sella turcica’s significance as a nexus of evolutionary innovation, structural resilience, and biological fragility.