Unveiling the Environmental Implications of Compact Cities: Critiques, Resilience and Case studies

This analysis explores the environmental dimensions of compact city development, critically examining the ecological promises and pitfalls of high-density urban forms. While compact cities are widely promoted as sustainable models due to their potential to reduce land consumption, promote public transport, and enhance energy efficiency, this study argues that such benefits are not universally realized and often conceal significant trade-offs. Drawing on a critical literature review, spatial analysis, and a series of international and local case studies, the research identifies key challenges including urban heat island effects, air pollution intensification, green space reduction, and socio-environmental inequalities. Through the lens of urban resilience, the thesis assesses how compact city policies can either enhance or undermine cities' adaptive capacities in the face of climate change and multi-hazard risks. By combining theoretical critique with empirical findings, the study provides a nuanced understanding of the complex environmental implications of compact urbanism, offering recommendations for planning practices that balance density with ecological integrity and social well-being.