Underground landscapes: volcanism, lava tubes, and man

Lava tubes, or pyroducts, have played a significant role in human history, serving as shelters, storage spaces, and dwellings across diverse cultures, times, and geographies. However, knowledge about their uses remains fragmented across various disciplines and sources. This research consolidates an extensive review of human interactions with lava tubes through bibliographical studies and on-site expeditions, culminating in the creation of the Atlas of Lava Tube Uses. Integrating geological and anthropological insights, this atlas provides a comprehensive resource that bridges the gap between terrestrial history and extraterrestrial exploration. In fact, since the 1960s, researchers have hypothesized the existence of similar underground volcanic caves on the Moon and Mars. To date, 271 and 1062 potential cave entrances have been identified on the lunar and Martian surfaces, respectively. These extraterrestrial structures are increasingly viewed as promising candidates for future space habitats, offering protection from extreme environmental conditions. By connecting Earth’s historical use of pyroducts with modern exploration efforts, this study lays the groundwork for designing liveable and sustainable underground habitats beyond our planet while highlighting the significance of these underground landscapes in Earth’s heritage.