During the Covid-19 pandemic, efforts were made to prevent virus transmission in schools and universities. One solution was to increase air exchanges by acting on mechanical or natural ventilation. This approach improved air quality, enhanced well-being, and potentially positively affected learning and cognitive abilities. However, it also increased students’ exposure to noises and sounds, which in turn may affect learning and cognitive abilities. Despite the overlapping effects of acoustics and air quality on students, few studies have explored their combined effects. This dissertation aims to assess how air quality and ventilation sounds, either from mechanical or natural air flows, jointly influence cognitive performance and environmental assessments. The work is pursued by means of three dedicated experiments with panels of students of different ages. The first experiment evaluated the effects of four different sounds: mechanical ventilation, birdsong, children playing, and traffic noise. A total of 229 students (11-14 years old) were exposed in their classrooms to the aforementioned sounds, played at 47 dBA through headphones, and compared to a quiet control condition. Their reading comprehension, calculation skills, and soundscape assessments were measured. The results showed no significant effects of any sound condition on reading comprehension. However, response times on calculation improved with anthropic noise and worsened with mechanical ventilation. As concerns soundscape assessments, anthropic noise was rated as chaotic, mechanical ventilation as monotone, while birdsong was generally considered as pleasant. In the second experiment, 193 students from the first experiment were exposed to five acoustic conditions (quiet, mechanical ventilation 47 and 52 dBA, birdsong, children playing), in a laboratory setting under two air quality levels: good (800 ppm CO2) and poor (2000 ppm CO2). Participants completed mathematical tasks and soundscape assessments. No direct cognitive effects of air quality were found. Mechanical ventilation noises led to the fastest response times, while playground noise produced the slowest. Soundscape rankings remained similar to Experiment 1, but high CO2 levels worsened evaluations of mechanical ventilation noise. The third experiment with university students (20-26 years old) investigated the combined effects of two CO2 levels (800 and 3000 ppm) and four sound conditions (quiet, babble noise, mechanical ventilation, and birdsong) on calculation skills and the cross-modal impact of CO2 on soundscape assessments. The experiment also aimed to observe whether the affective responses of adults were different from those of children. The results showed that students slowed down as CO2 concentration increased. Significant differences in response times between sound conditions were observed under high CO2, with anthropic noise resulting in the fastest responses. Soundscape assessments, however, showed no significant interaction between sounds and air quality and the soundscape rating is the same of the previous experiments. In conclusion, cross-modal effects on soundscape evaluations and combined effects on cognitive abilities were identified. For soundscape evaluations the impact of CO2 was minimal, and results were age-independent, with acoustic factors consistently dominating across all experiments. On the cognitive side, only calculation skills were influenced by environmental conditions. It was hypothesized that the common effect of these factors across experiments was to alter students' arousal levels while undertaking the tasks; they reached or exceeded the arousal level required for optimal performance. Age had no impact, as similar trends in cognitive abilities were observed across experiments 1 and 3. The primary cause of differences, including the presence or absence of CO2 effects, is likely due to students’ personal traits, which in turn may influence baseline arousal levels.

Durante il Covid-19, sono stati adottati provvedimenti per prevenire la trasmissione in scuole e università. Una soluzione è stata di aumentare i ricambi d’aria mediante ventilazione meccanica o naturale. Questo ha migliorato la qualità dell’aria, il benessere e le capacità cognitive e di apprendimento. Tuttavia, ha anche aumentato l’esposizione degli studenti ai rumori, che potrebbero influenzare le stesse capacità cognitive. Nonostante i possibili effetti congiunti di acustica e qualità dell’aria sugli studenti, pochi studi hanno esaminato il loro impatto combinato. Questa tesi studia come la qualità dell’aria e i suoni della ventilazione, sia meccanica che naturale, influenzino congiuntamente la abilità cognitive e la percezione sonora. Sono stati condotti tre esperimenti con studenti di diversa età. Il primo esperimento ha analizzato gli effetti di quattro suoni: ventilazione meccanica, canto degli uccelli, bambini che giocano e traffico in aula su 229 studenti (11-14 anni). I suoni sono stati riprodotti in cuffia a 47 dBA, e confrontati con una condizione di quiete. Sono state misurate la comprensione del testo, le abilità di calcolo e il soundscape. I risultati non hanno mostrato effetti significativi sulla comprensione del testo. Tuttavia, i tempi di risposta nei calcoli sono migliorati con i rumori antropici e peggiorati con la ventilazione meccanica. I rumori antropici sono stati giudicati caotici, la ventilazione monotona, mentre il canto degli uccelli è stato generalmente considerato piacevole. Nel secondo esperimento, 193 studenti del primo studio sono stati esposti in laboratorio a cinque condizioni acustiche (silenzio, ventilazione meccanica a 47 e 52 dBA, canto degli uccelli, bambini che giocano) con due livelli di qualità dell’aria: buona (800 ppm CO2) e scarsa (2000 ppm CO2). I partecipanti hanno svolto test matematici e valutazioni sul soundscape. Non sono stati riscontrati effetti cognitivi diretti della qualità dell’aria. I rumori della ventilazione hanno prodotto i tempi di risposta più rapidi, mentre il rumore del parco giochi i più lenti. Le valutazioni del paesaggio sonoro sono rimaste simili al primo esperimento, ma livelli elevati di CO2 hanno peggiorato i giudizi sulla ventilazione meccanica. Il terzo esperimento, condotto su studenti universitari (20-26 anni), ha esaminato gli effetti combinati di due livelli di CO2 (800 e 3000 ppm) e quattro condizioni sonore (silenzio, brusio di voci, ventilazione meccanica e canto degli uccelli) sulle abilità di calcolo e sull’effetto cross-modale della CO2 nelle valutazioni acustiche. Si è inoltre indagato se le risposte affettive degli adulti differissero da quelle dei bambini. I risultati hanno mostrato che l’aumento di CO2 rallenta le risposte. Sono emerse differenze significative nei tempi di risposta tra le condizioni sonore sotto alta CO2, con il rumore antropico che ha prodotto le risposte più rapide. Le valutazioni del paesaggio sonoro, invece, non hanno mostrato interazioni significative con la qualità dell’aria, confermando i trend precedenti. In conclusione, sono stati identificati effetti cross-modali sulle valutazioni acustiche ed effetti combinati sulle capacità cognitive. L’effetto della CO2 sul soundscape è stato minimo e indipendente dall’età, con i fattori acustici sempre predominanti. Dal punto di vista cognitivo, solo le abilità di calcolo sono risultate influenzate dalle condizioni ambientali. Si ipotizza che questi fattori abbiano alterato i livelli di attivazione degli studenti durante i test, portandoli al livello ottimale o superandolo. L’età non ha avuto impatto, poiché le tendenze nei risultati cognitivi sono rimaste simili tra il primo e il terzo esperimento. Le differenze osservate, inclusa la presenza o assenza di effetti della CO₂, sono probabilmente dovute alle caratteristiche individuali degli studenti, che possono influenzare i loro livelli basali di attivazione.

Combined and cross-modal effects of acoustics and air quality in classrooms

PELLEGATTI, MATTEO
2025

Abstract

During the Covid-19 pandemic, efforts were made to prevent virus transmission in schools and universities. One solution was to increase air exchanges by acting on mechanical or natural ventilation. This approach improved air quality, enhanced well-being, and potentially positively affected learning and cognitive abilities. However, it also increased students’ exposure to noises and sounds, which in turn may affect learning and cognitive abilities. Despite the overlapping effects of acoustics and air quality on students, few studies have explored their combined effects. This dissertation aims to assess how air quality and ventilation sounds, either from mechanical or natural air flows, jointly influence cognitive performance and environmental assessments. The work is pursued by means of three dedicated experiments with panels of students of different ages. The first experiment evaluated the effects of four different sounds: mechanical ventilation, birdsong, children playing, and traffic noise. A total of 229 students (11-14 years old) were exposed in their classrooms to the aforementioned sounds, played at 47 dBA through headphones, and compared to a quiet control condition. Their reading comprehension, calculation skills, and soundscape assessments were measured. The results showed no significant effects of any sound condition on reading comprehension. However, response times on calculation improved with anthropic noise and worsened with mechanical ventilation. As concerns soundscape assessments, anthropic noise was rated as chaotic, mechanical ventilation as monotone, while birdsong was generally considered as pleasant. In the second experiment, 193 students from the first experiment were exposed to five acoustic conditions (quiet, mechanical ventilation 47 and 52 dBA, birdsong, children playing), in a laboratory setting under two air quality levels: good (800 ppm CO2) and poor (2000 ppm CO2). Participants completed mathematical tasks and soundscape assessments. No direct cognitive effects of air quality were found. Mechanical ventilation noises led to the fastest response times, while playground noise produced the slowest. Soundscape rankings remained similar to Experiment 1, but high CO2 levels worsened evaluations of mechanical ventilation noise. The third experiment with university students (20-26 years old) investigated the combined effects of two CO2 levels (800 and 3000 ppm) and four sound conditions (quiet, babble noise, mechanical ventilation, and birdsong) on calculation skills and the cross-modal impact of CO2 on soundscape assessments. The experiment also aimed to observe whether the affective responses of adults were different from those of children. The results showed that students slowed down as CO2 concentration increased. Significant differences in response times between sound conditions were observed under high CO2, with anthropic noise resulting in the fastest responses. Soundscape assessments, however, showed no significant interaction between sounds and air quality and the soundscape rating is the same of the previous experiments. In conclusion, cross-modal effects on soundscape evaluations and combined effects on cognitive abilities were identified. For soundscape evaluations the impact of CO2 was minimal, and results were age-independent, with acoustic factors consistently dominating across all experiments. On the cognitive side, only calculation skills were influenced by environmental conditions. It was hypothesized that the common effect of these factors across experiments was to alter students' arousal levels while undertaking the tasks; they reached or exceeded the arousal level required for optimal performance. Age had no impact, as similar trends in cognitive abilities were observed across experiments 1 and 3. The primary cause of differences, including the presence or absence of CO2 effects, is likely due to students’ personal traits, which in turn may influence baseline arousal levels.
PRODI, Nicola
VISENTIN, Chiara
TRILLO, Stefano
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Descrizione: Matteo Pellegatti PhD thesis
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2585791
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