The essay is structured into two sections, corresponding to different objectives of analysis, interconnected. The first section examines the evolution of the institutions governed by Title VII of the Third Sector Code (co-programming, co-planning, and conventions), and their relationship with the market-driven logic underpinning public procurement law. This analysis departs both from pan-competitive approaches – admirably represented by Opinion no. 2052/2018 of the Council of State — and from perspectives that, in emphasizing the preferential treatment for non-profit entities, see an absolute and non-graded dichotomy between third sector law and public procurement law. From this "middle ground" perspective, the analysis of the institutions established by articles 55 and subs. of the Third Sector Code is conducted through a comparison with European Union law and its categories. In particular, the essay explores the relationship between these institutions and the models of in-house providing and public-public partnerships (paragraphs 1 and 1.1), highlighting their shared reliance on the principle of self-organization of the public administration, as an extension of the constitutional principle of good governance and the principle of result. In the subsequent paragraphs (2 and 2.1), this essay analyses the effects of the balance achieved at the European level between the values of competition and solidarity and its implications on the domestic legal system. Paragraph 3 focuses on “co-planning for implementation”, an form of shared administration that demonstrates more intensely the tension between European public procurement law and Third Sector law. The analysis seeks to emphasize the collaborative and non-synallagmatic nature of this institution, highlighting its objective differences from traditional outsourcing mechanisms. In this regard, the essay criticizes the administrative case law which identifies the gratuitous or non-onerous nature of the relationship as a distinctive feature: paragraph 4 is precisely dedicated to demonstrating the limitations of this approach and to identifying the “authenticity” of expense reimbursement as the constitutive element of the privileged relationships between public administration and the Third Sector. The second section of the essay develops a theoretical reconstruction of this new way of administration (shared administration), with the aim of deepening its function and its systematic implications on the administrative action plan. Starting from the framing of the co-planning for implementation as an organizational tool for the delivery of public functions and services (paragraph 5), the essay examines the consequences of this reconstruction for the legal regime governing the activities of Third Sector Entities. In the subsequent paragraphs (6 and 6.1), the institutions under study are analysed in relation to specific theories regarding the relationship between State and civil society, addressing questions such as: what corollaries of horizontal subsidiarity emerge in co-programming and co-planning? And what are the points of contact with the conception of “objective administration”? In the concluding paragraph (7), a synthesis of the argumentative trajectory is provided, along with critical observations regarding the approach — endorsed by decision no. 131/2020 of the Constitutional Court — that considers shared administration and public procurement as two separate worlds. Although widespread, this approach appears unsatisfactory both operationally and theoretically, since it seems to support the return of a dichotomous vision of the relationship between competition and solidarity and it neglects the shared objective of co-planning and traditional outsourcing solutions: the implementation of social rights enshrined in the Constitution.

Il saggio si articola in due sezioni, corrispondenti a distinti, ma interconnessi, obiettivi di analisi. Nella prima sezione, si esamina l’evoluzione degli istituti disciplinati dal Titolo VII del Codice del Terzo Settore (co-programmazione, co-progettazione e convenzioni), e il loro rapporto con le logiche di mercato che informano il diritto dei contratti pubblici. Tale analisi si distanzia sia dagli approcci pan-concorrenziali – esemplarmente rappresentati dal parere n. 2052/2018 del Consiglio di Stato – sia dalle prospettive che, nel valorizzare il favor per il non profit, concepiscono un’alternatività assoluta e non graduata tra diritto del Terzo settore e diritto dei contratti pubblici. In questa prospettiva “mediana”, l’analisi degli istituti previsti dagli artt. 55 e ss. del Codice del Terzo settore è condotta attraverso un confronto con il diritto dell’Unione Europea e le sue categorie. In particolare, si esplora la relazione tra questi istituti e i modelli dell’in house providing e della cooperazione pubblico-pubblico (par. 1 e 1.1), evidenziandone il comune riferimento al principio di auto-organizzazione della pubblica amministrazione, inteso quale sviluppo del principio costituzionale di buon andamento e del principio del risultato. Nei paragrafi successivi (2 e 2.1), si analizzano gli effetti dell’equilibrio, realizzato a livello europeo tra i valori della concorrenza e della solidarietà, e i riflessi di tale bilanciamento nell’ordinamento nazionale. Il paragrafo 3 è invece dedicato alla c.d. co-progettazione realizzativa, istituto di amministrazione condivisa in cui si manifesta con maggiore intensità la tensione tra il diritto europeo dei contratti pubblici e il diritto del Terzo settore. L’analisi si propone di valorizzare la natura collaborativa e non sinallagmatica dell’istituto, ponendo in evidenza le oggettive differenze rispetto alle tradizionali modalità di esternalizzazione. A tale proposito, si critica l’orientamento della giurisprudenza amministrativa che individua nella gratuità o non onerosità del rapporto un elemento distintivo: il paragrafo 4 è appunto dedicato alla dimostrazione dei limiti di tale impostazione e all’individuazione nella “genuinità” del rimborso spese dell’elemento costitutivo dei rapporti riservati tra p.a. e Terzo settore. La seconda sezione del saggio elabora una ricostruzione teorica di questo nuovo modo di amministrare (l’amministrazione condivisa), con l’intento di approfondirne la funzione e le implicazioni sistematiche sul piano dell’azione amministrativa. Muovendo dall’inquadramento della co-progettazione realizzativa quale strumento organizzativo per l’erogazione di funzioni e servizi pubblici (par. 5), si analizzano le conseguenze di tale ricostruzione sul regime giuridico delle attività degli enti del Terzo settore. Nei successivi paragrafi (6 e 6.1), gli istituti oggetto di studio sono esaminati in relazione a determinate teorie sul rapporto tra Stato e società civile, cercando di rispondere ai seguenti quesiti: quali corollari della sussidiarietà orizzontale emergono nella co-programmazione e co-progettazione? Quali sono i punti di contatto con la tesi dell’amministrazione obiettivata? Nel paragrafo conclusivo (7), si fornisce una sintesi del percorso svolto e si sviluppano alcune notazioni critiche nei confronti dell’impostazione, sostenuta anche dalla sentenza n. 131/2020 della Corte costituzionale, che considera l’amministrazione condivisa e i contratti pubblici come due universi distinti. Tale approccio, sebbene diffuso, non appare soddisfacente né dal punto di vista operativo né teorico: esso sembra suffragare il ritorno una visione dicotomica dei rapporti tra concorrenza e solidarietà, nonché trascurare la comune finalità della co-progettazione e delle soluzioni tradizionali di esternalizzazione, ossia quella di dare attuazione ai diritti sociali sanciti dalla Costituzione.

L’amministrazione pubblica condivisa: terzo settore, contratti, servizi

edoardo caruso
2024

Abstract

The essay is structured into two sections, corresponding to different objectives of analysis, interconnected. The first section examines the evolution of the institutions governed by Title VII of the Third Sector Code (co-programming, co-planning, and conventions), and their relationship with the market-driven logic underpinning public procurement law. This analysis departs both from pan-competitive approaches – admirably represented by Opinion no. 2052/2018 of the Council of State — and from perspectives that, in emphasizing the preferential treatment for non-profit entities, see an absolute and non-graded dichotomy between third sector law and public procurement law. From this "middle ground" perspective, the analysis of the institutions established by articles 55 and subs. of the Third Sector Code is conducted through a comparison with European Union law and its categories. In particular, the essay explores the relationship between these institutions and the models of in-house providing and public-public partnerships (paragraphs 1 and 1.1), highlighting their shared reliance on the principle of self-organization of the public administration, as an extension of the constitutional principle of good governance and the principle of result. In the subsequent paragraphs (2 and 2.1), this essay analyses the effects of the balance achieved at the European level between the values of competition and solidarity and its implications on the domestic legal system. Paragraph 3 focuses on “co-planning for implementation”, an form of shared administration that demonstrates more intensely the tension between European public procurement law and Third Sector law. The analysis seeks to emphasize the collaborative and non-synallagmatic nature of this institution, highlighting its objective differences from traditional outsourcing mechanisms. In this regard, the essay criticizes the administrative case law which identifies the gratuitous or non-onerous nature of the relationship as a distinctive feature: paragraph 4 is precisely dedicated to demonstrating the limitations of this approach and to identifying the “authenticity” of expense reimbursement as the constitutive element of the privileged relationships between public administration and the Third Sector. The second section of the essay develops a theoretical reconstruction of this new way of administration (shared administration), with the aim of deepening its function and its systematic implications on the administrative action plan. Starting from the framing of the co-planning for implementation as an organizational tool for the delivery of public functions and services (paragraph 5), the essay examines the consequences of this reconstruction for the legal regime governing the activities of Third Sector Entities. In the subsequent paragraphs (6 and 6.1), the institutions under study are analysed in relation to specific theories regarding the relationship between State and civil society, addressing questions such as: what corollaries of horizontal subsidiarity emerge in co-programming and co-planning? And what are the points of contact with the conception of “objective administration”? In the concluding paragraph (7), a synthesis of the argumentative trajectory is provided, along with critical observations regarding the approach — endorsed by decision no. 131/2020 of the Constitutional Court — that considers shared administration and public procurement as two separate worlds. Although widespread, this approach appears unsatisfactory both operationally and theoretically, since it seems to support the return of a dichotomous vision of the relationship between competition and solidarity and it neglects the shared objective of co-planning and traditional outsourcing solutions: the implementation of social rights enshrined in the Constitution.
2024
Caruso, Edoardo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2585410
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