In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) under oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT), over half of the hemorrhagic complications occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with an incidence of 1-4% per year. This complication mainly involves older patients, often very compromised from the clinical point of view; mortality rates are not negligible, varying between 4% and 15%. The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the utility of resuming OAT after a major GI hemorrhage in patients with AF. Four observational studies were found in the literature that specifically investigated this issue; three of them had a retrospective design. In these studies almost exclusively warfarin was utilized. OAT was discontinued in all patients at the beginning of GI hemorrhage; in about half of the patients anticoagulation was then restarted and in the other half it was definitively stopped. The results of these studies suggest a beneficial effect of OAT resumption, since it reduced the incidence of thromboembolic events and mortality with a not marked increase in hemorrhagic recurrences. However, these results should be interpreted with caution since, very likely, OAT was resumed in patients in good clinical condition - as suggested by the very low mortality rate during hemorrhagic recurrences (0.7%) - and not in those with very severe hemorrhage and/or very compromised from the clinical point of view. Because of this type of patient selection, we do not know the real hemorrhagic risk in patients resuming OAT after GI hemorrhage. This is a strong limitation in the decision making; in order to acquire this knowledge, randomized studies should be carried out. The evaluation whether or not to restart OAT should be made in the clinical context by a team including the gastroenterologist (or the physician taking care of the GI pathology) and the cardiologist. At present, clinical variables such as site and/or cause of GI bleeding, severity of the anemia and the degree of prolongation of the international normalized ratio, do not appear useful for decision making. The available data suggest that OAT should be resumed in "robust" elderly patients, if the source of bleeding has been identified and corrected, whereas in frail patients and/or with multiple comorbidities, the doubt often remains. The available literature does not offer clear data on the optimal duration of OAT discontinuation after an episode of major GI bleeding. The evaluation should be made in the clinical context; however, therapy discontinuation between 1 week and 1 month appears to be adequate in most cases. On the basis of indirect comparisons, which show many limitations, the most appropriate anticoagulants after GI hemorrhage appear to be warfarin, apixaban and low-dose edoxaban.

Nei pazienti con fibrillazione atriale (FA) in terapia anticoagulante orale (TAO), oltre la metà delle complicanze emorragiche si verificano nel tratto gastrointestinale (GI), con un’incidenza dell’1-4% per anno. Tale complicanza interessa prevalentemente soggetti anziani, spesso molto compromessi da un punto di vista clinico e la mortalità non è trascurabile variando nei diversi studi fra 4% e 15%. Lo scopo di questa rassegna è valutare l’utilità della ripresa della TAO dopo un’emorragia GI maggiore nei pazienti con FA. Abbiamo trovato nella letteratura quattro studi osservazionali, di cui tre con disegno retrospettivo, che hanno affrontato specificamente questo problema. In tali studi è stato utilizzato quasi esclusivamente il warfarin. La TAO veniva sospesa in tutti i pazienti all’inizio dell’emorragia GI; in circa la metà dei casi l’anticoagulante veniva poi ripristinato e nell’altra metà veniva sospeso definitivamente. I risultati di questi studi suggeriscono un beneficio della ripresa della TAO che riduceva l’incidenza degli eventi tromboembolici e della mortalità con un aumento solo modesto delle recidive emorragiche. Questi risultati, tuttavia, devono essere interpretati con molta cautela in quanto è estremamente probabile che la TAO sia stata ripristinata nei pazienti in buone condizioni cliniche – come suggerito dalla bassissima mortalità in corso di recidiva emorragica (0.7%) – e non in quelli con emorragie più gravi e/o molto compromessi da un punto di vista clinico. Per tale tipo di selezione dei pazienti non siamo in grado di definire il reale rischio emorragico legato alla ripresa della TAO dopo un’emorragia GI e ciò rappresenta un grosso limite nel processo decisionale; per acquisire tale conoscenza occorrono studi randomizzati. La valutazione sulla ripresa o meno della TAO deve essere fatta caso per caso da un team che includa il gastroenterologo (o chi gestisce la patologia GI) e il cardiologo. Aspetti clinici rilevanti come la sede e/o l’eziologia dell’emorragia GI, la severità dell’anemia e il valore dell’international normalized ratio (INR) all’inizio dell’emorragia non appaiono al momento di utilità nel “decision making”. I dati a disposizione suggeriscono che l’anticoagulante dovrebbe essere riproposto ad anziani “robusti” qualora sia stata identificata e trattata la sede del sanguinamento, mentre permangono molte perplessità sulla gestione dell’anziano “fragile” o molto compromesso da un punto di vista clinico. La letteratura non offre dati chiari su quando riprendere la TAO dopo un’emorragia GI. La valutazione deve essere fatta nel contesto clinico; tuttavia, un intervallo di tempo variabile fra 1 settimana ed 1 mese appare, di massima, adeguato. Sulla base di confronti indiretti, e pertanto con i limiti di tale tipo di valutazione, gli anticoagulanti più appropriati dopo un’emorragia GI appaiono il warfarin con uno stretto monitoraggio dell’INR, l’apixaban e l’edoxaban a basso dosaggio.

Major gastrointestinal hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: When should treatment be resumed? [Emorragia gastrointestinale maggiore in corso di terapia anticoagulante nei pazienti con fibrillazione atriale: quando riprendere il trattamento? ]

Zoli G.
Ultimo
2019

Abstract

In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) under oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT), over half of the hemorrhagic complications occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with an incidence of 1-4% per year. This complication mainly involves older patients, often very compromised from the clinical point of view; mortality rates are not negligible, varying between 4% and 15%. The purpose of the present review was to evaluate the utility of resuming OAT after a major GI hemorrhage in patients with AF. Four observational studies were found in the literature that specifically investigated this issue; three of them had a retrospective design. In these studies almost exclusively warfarin was utilized. OAT was discontinued in all patients at the beginning of GI hemorrhage; in about half of the patients anticoagulation was then restarted and in the other half it was definitively stopped. The results of these studies suggest a beneficial effect of OAT resumption, since it reduced the incidence of thromboembolic events and mortality with a not marked increase in hemorrhagic recurrences. However, these results should be interpreted with caution since, very likely, OAT was resumed in patients in good clinical condition - as suggested by the very low mortality rate during hemorrhagic recurrences (0.7%) - and not in those with very severe hemorrhage and/or very compromised from the clinical point of view. Because of this type of patient selection, we do not know the real hemorrhagic risk in patients resuming OAT after GI hemorrhage. This is a strong limitation in the decision making; in order to acquire this knowledge, randomized studies should be carried out. The evaluation whether or not to restart OAT should be made in the clinical context by a team including the gastroenterologist (or the physician taking care of the GI pathology) and the cardiologist. At present, clinical variables such as site and/or cause of GI bleeding, severity of the anemia and the degree of prolongation of the international normalized ratio, do not appear useful for decision making. The available data suggest that OAT should be resumed in "robust" elderly patients, if the source of bleeding has been identified and corrected, whereas in frail patients and/or with multiple comorbidities, the doubt often remains. The available literature does not offer clear data on the optimal duration of OAT discontinuation after an episode of major GI bleeding. The evaluation should be made in the clinical context; however, therapy discontinuation between 1 week and 1 month appears to be adequate in most cases. On the basis of indirect comparisons, which show many limitations, the most appropriate anticoagulants after GI hemorrhage appear to be warfarin, apixaban and low-dose edoxaban.
2019
Alboni, P.; Stucci, N.; Zoli, G.
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2418566
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