Social and Distributive Justice in the Green Transition: A Comparative Analysis of Albania and North Macedonia

This paper investigates the critical dimensions of a just and equitable green transition in Albania and North Macedonia. It comparatively analyzes how these nations navigate the complexities of decarbonization while addressing deep-seated socio-economic vulnerabilities, ensuring that the transition's benefits and burdens are distributed fairly. The analysis emphasizes the imperative of integrating distributive and recognitional justice principles into national strategies to avoid exacerbating existing inequalities. Albania, with its reliance on hydropower, faces challenges in managing climate-induced energy insecurity and ensuring energy affordability for vulnerable populations. North Macedonia's transition from lignite coal necessitates careful management of socio-economic consequences in affected regions, requiring robust support for workers and communities. The paper assesses national policies, highlighting gaps in implementation capacity, procedural justice (stakeholder engagement), and the systematic consideration of marginalized groups. It underscores how governance weaknesses and corruption risks impede progress toward a truly just transition. The research paper proposes actionable recommendations that prioritize equity outcomes. It emphasizes strengthening governance structures, promoting meaningful social dialogue, and tailoring external support to local contexts. Central to these recommendations is the need for robust data collection and monitoring mechanisms to track progress on distributive justice and inform evidence-based policymaking. Ultimately, the paper argues that an effective green transition hinges on embedding social and distributive justice at its core, fostering inclusive development, and ensuring long-term sustainability.