Sex differences in biomarkers: Implications for age-related diseases

Aging is influenced by biological, genetic, and environmental factors. This chapter examines biomarkers of aging, highlighting their role in predicting functional capability and monitoring the aging process. Despite the absence of a perfect biomarker, several promising candidates reflect biological age and physiological decline. The chapter also underscores the importance of sex differences in aging, noting that sex-specific biomarkers can aid in identifying unique aging trajectories and disease manifestations. However, research in this area is yet limited, necessitating further studies to bridge existing gaps. Understanding these biomarkers is crucial for developing interventions that promote healthy aging. Insights into sex differences lay the groundwork for personalized medicine, which can enhance quality of life and extend health span as these biomarkers are integrated into clinical practice.