Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the European Union, with its incidence and mortality rapidly increasing due to ageing populations and rise in risk factors, many of which are associated with socioeconomic growth. Despite advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, there is a rising need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This thesis explores the potential of radioligand theranostics, that combine molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy to diagnose and treat cancer more efficiently with reduced toxicity for healthy tissues. The research focuses on two key targets, Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). FAP, expressed on the membrane of cancer associated fibroblasts, plays a crucial role in tumour progression and metastasis. Recent advancements in the development of FAP-targeted theranostic agents led to the identification of numerous ligands, including small-molecule moieties (FAPI-02, FAPI-04, FAPI-46) and peptide-based moieties (FAP-2286, 3BP-3940). These current FAP inhibitors have short retention times, resulting in rapid elimination and reduced therapeutic efficacy. This thesis aimed to address such limitations by developing a series of mono- and multimeric pseudopeptide spacer-containing derivatives. The multimeric derivatives were synthesised using Peptide Welding Technology (PWT), known to enhance in vivo potency and residence time. This technology has been effective to develop innovative ligands for G protein-coupled receptors, also with potential applications in vaccine development. The first part of the project involved the design and synthesis of novel FAPI-DOTA conjugates. These compounds were synthesized and screened in vitro to identify derivatives with high potency and prolonged residence time. Using a fluorogenic assay kit, derivatives 9c and 9g were identified as lead candidates in terms of activity and washout resistance, respectively. These were further optimized using PWT, to create multimeric derivatives 25, 26, and 27. These multimeric platforms not only have enhanced potency and residence time on FAP, but also contain multiple units of DOTA to potentially deliver more than one radioisotope on the tumour site. Overall, Compound 27 demonstrated the most promising biological profile in vitro and was further evaluated for stability under radiolabelling conditions with 68Ga and 177Lu radioisotopes. In vivo studies in nude mice models of MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1, and BxPC3 tumours showed high and stable tumour uptake of 68Ga-27 up to 180 minutes post-injection, rapid clearance from kidneys, and negligible uptake in healthy organs. These results indicated strong potential for further in vivo experiments with 177Lu-27 radioligand therapy. Similarly, PSMA is a well-established marker for prostate cancer, with PSMA-targeted radioligands 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 177Lu-PSMA-617 showing significant potential. Despite this, challenges remain regarding uptake and off-target toxicity. In this thesis, two tetrameric platforms were synthesized, a diagnostic tracer with a 18F precursor and a theranostic agent with a DOTA chelator. These platforms, based on the Glu-Urea-Lys pharmacophore, were synthesized using PWT2 as the central core. The resulting compounds, 45 and 46 were synthesized from a thiol-functionalized derivative of JK-PSMA-7, with compound 45 designed for 18F radiolabelling and compound 46 for DOTA-based theranostics. These clustered derivatives will be radiolabelled and biologically evaluated to assess their affinity, specificity, and residence time on PSMA. This doctoral research demonstrates the potential of PWT to enhance the translational potential of theranostic compounds with limited residence time, reduced tumour uptake, and selectivity, through multimerization. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of radioligand theranostics, offering new insights and promising strategies for improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Il cancro è la seconda causa di morte nell'Unione Europea e la sua incidenza e mortalità stanno aumentando rapidamente a causa dell'invecchiamento della popolazione e dell'aumento di vari fattori di rischio, molti dei quali legati allo sviluppo socioeconomico. Nonostante i progressi nella diagnosi e nel trattamento del cancro, l'interesse scientifico per nuovi approcci terapeutici continua ad essere in aumento. Questa tesi esplora dei potenziali approcci teranostici, che combinano l'imaging molecolare e la terapia con una ridotta tossicità per i tessuti sani, focalizzandosi su due target, la Proteina di Attivazione dei Fibroblasti (FAP) e l'Antigene di Membrana Specifico della Prostata (PSMA). FAP, espressa nella membrana dei fibroblasti associati al cancro, svolge un ruolo cruciale nella progressione e metastasi del tumore. I progressi nello sviluppo di agenti teranostici FAP inibitori hanno portato all'identificazione di numerosi ligandi, tra cui small molecules (FAPI-02, FAPI-04, FAPI-46) e peptidi (FAP-2286, 3BP-3940). Questi inibitori hanno un breve tempo di residenza sul bersaglio, che portano a una rapida eliminazione e ridotta efficacia terapeutica. Con l’obiettivo di migliorare questi aspetti in questa tesi sono stati sviluppati una serie di derivati monomerici e multimerici con spacer pseudopeptidici. I derivati multimerici sono stati sintetizzati applicando la Peptide Welding Technology (PWT), un approccio sintetico conosciuto per aumentarne la potenza in vivo e prolungarne durata d'azione sul bersaglio biologico. La prima parte dell’elaborato descrive la sintesi di coniugati FAPI-DOTA, che sono stati sintetizzati e testati in vitro, identificando i derivati 9c e 9g come i più promettenti in termini di attività e resistenza al washout, rispettivamente. I composti sono stati ulteriormente ottimizzati utilizzando la PWT per creare i derivati multimerici 25, 26 e 27. Queste piattaforme multimeriche non solo hanno dimostrato un miglioramento sulla potenza e tempo di residenza su FAP, ma contengono più unità chelanti DOTA per aumentare la tossicità a ridosso del tessuto tumorale. Complessivamente, il composto 27 ha dimostrato il profilo biologico più promettente nei test in vitro e ne è stata quindi analizzata la stabilità alle condizioni di marcatura con i radioisotopi 68Ga e 177Lu. Studi in vivo su topi xenograft con tumori MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1 e BxPC3 hanno mostrato un'elevata e stabile captazione tumorale di 68Ga-27, una rapida eliminazione dai reni e una captazione trascurabile negli organi sani. Questi risultati sono promettenti in un’ottica di ulteriori esperimenti in vivo con la terapia a radioligando 177Lu-27. Analogamente, il PSMA è un biomarker specifico per il cancro alla prostata e i 68Ga-PSMA-11 e 177Lu-PSMA-617 hanno mostrato un potenziale significativo, ma presentano una captazione e degli effetti collaterali sugli organi sani non ottimali. In questa tesi, sono state sintetizzate due piattaforme tetrameriche, un tracciante diagnostico con un precursore 18F e un agente teranostico con un chelante DOTA. Queste piattaforme, basate sul farmacoforo Glu-Urea-Lys, sono state sintetizzate utilizzando come core centrale PWT2. I composti risultanti, 45 e 46, sono stati sintetizzati da un derivato funzionalizzato con una funzione cisteinica di JK-PSMA-7, con il composto 45 progettato per la radiomarcatura con 18F e il composto 46 per la teranostica basata sulla radiomarcatura del chelante DOTA. Questi derivati clusterizzati saranno radiomarcati e testati per valutare la loro affinità, specificità e tempo di residenza sul bersaglio PSMA. Sebbene i meccanismi molecolari alla base di PWT non siano completamente compresi, questo lavoro di tesi dimostra l’utilità dell'approccio come possibile strategia per contribuire all'avanzamento della teranostica, migliorando il potenziale traslazionale dei composti teranostici con tempo di residenza limitato, ridotta captazione tumorale e selettività.
Green approach to the design and synthesis of polyfunctional pseudopeptide radiochelators for theranostic applications
ROCCATELLO, CHIARA
2025
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the European Union, with its incidence and mortality rapidly increasing due to ageing populations and rise in risk factors, many of which are associated with socioeconomic growth. Despite advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment, there is a rising need for innovative therapeutic approaches. This thesis explores the potential of radioligand theranostics, that combine molecular imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy to diagnose and treat cancer more efficiently with reduced toxicity for healthy tissues. The research focuses on two key targets, Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) and Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA). FAP, expressed on the membrane of cancer associated fibroblasts, plays a crucial role in tumour progression and metastasis. Recent advancements in the development of FAP-targeted theranostic agents led to the identification of numerous ligands, including small-molecule moieties (FAPI-02, FAPI-04, FAPI-46) and peptide-based moieties (FAP-2286, 3BP-3940). These current FAP inhibitors have short retention times, resulting in rapid elimination and reduced therapeutic efficacy. This thesis aimed to address such limitations by developing a series of mono- and multimeric pseudopeptide spacer-containing derivatives. The multimeric derivatives were synthesised using Peptide Welding Technology (PWT), known to enhance in vivo potency and residence time. This technology has been effective to develop innovative ligands for G protein-coupled receptors, also with potential applications in vaccine development. The first part of the project involved the design and synthesis of novel FAPI-DOTA conjugates. These compounds were synthesized and screened in vitro to identify derivatives with high potency and prolonged residence time. Using a fluorogenic assay kit, derivatives 9c and 9g were identified as lead candidates in terms of activity and washout resistance, respectively. These were further optimized using PWT, to create multimeric derivatives 25, 26, and 27. These multimeric platforms not only have enhanced potency and residence time on FAP, but also contain multiple units of DOTA to potentially deliver more than one radioisotope on the tumour site. Overall, Compound 27 demonstrated the most promising biological profile in vitro and was further evaluated for stability under radiolabelling conditions with 68Ga and 177Lu radioisotopes. In vivo studies in nude mice models of MiaPaCa-2, Panc-1, and BxPC3 tumours showed high and stable tumour uptake of 68Ga-27 up to 180 minutes post-injection, rapid clearance from kidneys, and negligible uptake in healthy organs. These results indicated strong potential for further in vivo experiments with 177Lu-27 radioligand therapy. Similarly, PSMA is a well-established marker for prostate cancer, with PSMA-targeted radioligands 68Ga-PSMA-11 and 177Lu-PSMA-617 showing significant potential. Despite this, challenges remain regarding uptake and off-target toxicity. In this thesis, two tetrameric platforms were synthesized, a diagnostic tracer with a 18F precursor and a theranostic agent with a DOTA chelator. These platforms, based on the Glu-Urea-Lys pharmacophore, were synthesized using PWT2 as the central core. The resulting compounds, 45 and 46 were synthesized from a thiol-functionalized derivative of JK-PSMA-7, with compound 45 designed for 18F radiolabelling and compound 46 for DOTA-based theranostics. These clustered derivatives will be radiolabelled and biologically evaluated to assess their affinity, specificity, and residence time on PSMA. This doctoral research demonstrates the potential of PWT to enhance the translational potential of theranostic compounds with limited residence time, reduced tumour uptake, and selectivity, through multimerization. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of radioligand theranostics, offering new insights and promising strategies for improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Green approach to the design and synthesis of polyfunctional pseudopeptide radiochelators for theranostic applications - Roccatello_pdfA.pdf
embargo fino al 01/04/2026
Descrizione: Green approach to the design and synthesis of polyfunctional pseudopeptide radiochelators for theranostic applications
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Tesi di dottorato
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