Currently, the transition to a circular economy is one of the main objectives of the European Union. As stated in the new Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), one of the key points to achieve this goal is ‘less waste, more value’. The issue of waste management is at the heart of European policy and is one of the aspects with the greatest room for improvement. In addition, there is also an increasing focus on environmental impact, with more and more people questioning the impact their choices and actions can have on the environment. In this regard, the Commission's recommendation of 8.12.2022 highlights the fact that 90 per cent of Europeans are concerned about the impact of chemicals in everyday products on the environment In the waste hierarchy, prevention is the most desirable option, but when this is not achievable, other strategies come into consideration to minimise the amount of waste in full alignment with circular economy objectives. One of these is recycling, which in turn can be distinguished into upcycling and downcycling. Considering this background the thesis work here presented aimed to recover agro-industrial waste biomass through an upcycling approach. To achieve this goal, it was decided to apply the waste substrates to a fermentation process in order to obtain three different biomolecules. These can be defined as biobased chemicals, which stand out for their green and sustainable footprint compared to the majority of chemicals that are currently produced from fossil-based feedstocks. In particular, the focus was on the production of commodities and on the production of high added value biomolecules, thus: i) sugars from waste leaves from the olive oil industry were used to produce lactic acid, a C3 platform, using Lactobacillus casei; ii) the second biobased chemical was surfactin, which was produced using juice from unsold fruit and vegetable waste from a supermarket as a carbon source for the cultivation of Bacillus subtilis BMV9. The fed-batch strategy was also investigated to increase the lipopeptide yield and reduce the fermentation time. iii) The third chemical was hyaluronic acid, a biopolymer, obtained by fermenting sugars obtained from grape pomace from the winemaking sector. All three biomolecules obtained were separated from the fermentation broth and subjected to characterisation. Lactic acid and surfactin were also investigated for their application as ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Finally, the topic of artificial intelligence was investigated from a theoretical point of view. In particular, the contribution that machine learning can make to bioprocessing was briefly explored.

Attualmente, la transizione verso un'economia circolare è uno dei principali obiettivi dell'Unione Europea. Come indicato nel nuovo piano d'azione per l'economia circolare, uno dei punti chiave per raggiungere questo obiettivo è “meno rifiuti, più valore”. La questione della gestione dei rifiuti è al centro della politica europea ed è uno degli aspetti con il maggior margine di miglioramento. Inoltre, si assiste ad una crescente attenzione verso l’ambiente, con un numero sempre maggiore di persone che si interrogano sulle conseguenze dalle loro scelte e azioni. A questo proposito, la raccomandazione della Commissione dell'8/12/2022 sottolinea che il 90% degli europei è preoccupato per l'impatto ambientale delle sostanze chimiche presenti nei prodotti di uso quotidiano. Nella gerarchia dei rifiuti, la prevenzione è l'opzione più auspicabile, ma quando questa non è realizzabile, possono essere prese in considerazione altre strategie per ridurre al minimo la quantità di rifiuti, in pieno accordo con gli obiettivi dell'economia circolare. Una di queste è il riciclaggio (recycling), che a sua volta può essere distinto in “upcycling” e “downcycling”. In questo contesto, il presente lavoro di tesi mira a recuperare biomasse di scarto agroindustriali attraverso un approccio di upcycling. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, è stato deciso di applicare i substrati di scarto a un processo di fermentazione per ottenere tre diverse biomolecole. Queste possono essere definite come prodotti chimici biobased, che si distinguono per la loro impronta verde e sostenibile rispetto alla maggior parte dei prodotti chimici attualmente prodotti da materie prime di origine fossile. In particolare, l'attenzione si è concentrata sulla produzione di biomolecole ad alto valore aggiunto: i) gli zuccheri provenienti da foglie di scarto della filiera di produzione dell'olio d'oliva sono stati utilizzati per produrre acido lattico, una platform molecule a tre atomi di carbonio, utilizzando il batterio Lactobacillus casei; ii) la seconda molecola è stata la surfattina, prodotta utilizzando come fonte di carbonio per la coltivazione di Bacillus subtilis BMV9 il succo derivante dalla spremitura di frutta e verdura invenduta di un supermercato. È stata studiata anche la strategia fed-batch per aumentare la resa dei lipopeptidi e ridurre il tempo di fermentazione; iii) la terza molecola è stata l'acido ialuronico, un biopolimero, ottenuto dalla fermentazione di zuccheri ricavati da vinacce provenienti dal settore vitivinicolo. Tutte e tre le biomolecole prodotte sono state separate dal brodo di fermentazione e sottoposte a caratterizzazione. L'acido lattico e la surfattina sono stati ulteriormente studiati per la loro applicazione come ingredienti in formulazioni cosmetiche. Infine, il tema dell'intelligenza artificiale è stato approfondito da un punto di vista teorico. In particolare, è stato brevemente esplorato il contributo che il machine learning può dare al settore dei bioprocessi.

Production, extraction and characterisation of biomolecules via agro-industrial waste biomass fermentation: value-added products for pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical and nutraceutical applications

GUGEL, IRENE
2025

Abstract

Currently, the transition to a circular economy is one of the main objectives of the European Union. As stated in the new Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP), one of the key points to achieve this goal is ‘less waste, more value’. The issue of waste management is at the heart of European policy and is one of the aspects with the greatest room for improvement. In addition, there is also an increasing focus on environmental impact, with more and more people questioning the impact their choices and actions can have on the environment. In this regard, the Commission's recommendation of 8.12.2022 highlights the fact that 90 per cent of Europeans are concerned about the impact of chemicals in everyday products on the environment In the waste hierarchy, prevention is the most desirable option, but when this is not achievable, other strategies come into consideration to minimise the amount of waste in full alignment with circular economy objectives. One of these is recycling, which in turn can be distinguished into upcycling and downcycling. Considering this background the thesis work here presented aimed to recover agro-industrial waste biomass through an upcycling approach. To achieve this goal, it was decided to apply the waste substrates to a fermentation process in order to obtain three different biomolecules. These can be defined as biobased chemicals, which stand out for their green and sustainable footprint compared to the majority of chemicals that are currently produced from fossil-based feedstocks. In particular, the focus was on the production of commodities and on the production of high added value biomolecules, thus: i) sugars from waste leaves from the olive oil industry were used to produce lactic acid, a C3 platform, using Lactobacillus casei; ii) the second biobased chemical was surfactin, which was produced using juice from unsold fruit and vegetable waste from a supermarket as a carbon source for the cultivation of Bacillus subtilis BMV9. The fed-batch strategy was also investigated to increase the lipopeptide yield and reduce the fermentation time. iii) The third chemical was hyaluronic acid, a biopolymer, obtained by fermenting sugars obtained from grape pomace from the winemaking sector. All three biomolecules obtained were separated from the fermentation broth and subjected to characterisation. Lactic acid and surfactin were also investigated for their application as ingredients in cosmetic formulations. Finally, the topic of artificial intelligence was investigated from a theoretical point of view. In particular, the contribution that machine learning can make to bioprocessing was briefly explored.
VERTUANI, Silvia
MANFREDINI, Stefano
MASSI, Alessandro
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2586214
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