The presented doctoral thesis is organized into three distinct chapters, each contributing to different aspects of my conducted research, with two chapters closely interconnected, while the final chapter presents an entirely independent project. The thesis as a whole reflects my comprehensive exploration of several key topics in the fields of catalysis and material science, combining fundamental theoretical advancements with practical, application-driven research. The first chapter forms the heart of the research carried out at the University of Ferrara, under the supervision of Prof. Alessandro Massi. It focuses primarily on cutting-edge developments in the field of green heterogeneous catalysis, a branch of catalysis that seeks to minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes while maximizing efficiency and selectivity. This chapter lays the theoretical and methodological groundwork necessary for understanding the mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities in heterogeneous catalysis. Notably, the first chapter delves into the development of new catalytic systems, particularly those that utilize sustainable materials, highlighting advances in the understanding and design of catalytic supports and their role in promoting chemical reactions in heterogeneous phase. The second chapter presents the research I conducted during my six-month research period abroad at the University of Manchester, under the mentorship of Prof. Carmine D'Agostino. This phase of my doctoral work focused on the study and employment of an advanced characterization technique, based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation experiments. The research explored the use of NMR relaxation as a tool for studying the adsorption properties of liquids within porous materials. This aspect of my research was essential for understanding how different liquids interact with chemical modifies solid porous substrates, particularly in the context of catalysis. This chapter provides the theoretical foundations necessary to fully understand the work conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Manchester, where research focused on various keratin-based catalytic supports. By analyzing the relaxation times (T1/T2) of protons in different liquids, the study explores the interactions between liquids and solid substrates, shedding light on the adsorption behavior and the potential of these materials as catalytic supports. The insights gained from this research offered a valuable information for optimizing keratin-supports and improving their performance in heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, the third chapter of the thesis introduces an independent project that I conducted during the first part of my doctoral studies. Although separate in focus, this chapter begins with a comprehensive explanation of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) molecules and their use in various catalytic contexts. The chapter then delves into the field of polymer synthesis, specifically focusing on the synthesis of polyesters and polyamides, exploiting different synthetic methods. Finally, it presents the research conducted about the synthesis of macrocyclic oligoesters (MCOs) through the use of an NHC-catalyzed oxidative system.

La tesi di dottorato presentata è organizzata in tre capitoli distinti, ognuno dei quali contribuisce a diversi aspetti della ricerca condotta, con due capitoli strettamente interconnessi, mentre l'ultimo capitolo presenta un progetto completamente indipendente. La tesi nel suo complesso riflette la mia esplorazione approfondita di diversi temi chiave nei campi della catalisi e della scienza dei materiali, combinando avanzamenti teorici fondamentali con ricerche pratiche orientate all'applicazione. Il primo capitolo costituisce il cuore della ricerca svolta presso l'Università di Ferrara, sotto la supervisione del Prof. Alessandro Massi. Esso si concentra principalmente sugli sviluppi più avanzati nel campo della catalisi eterogenea verde, un ramo della catalisi che mira a minimizzare l'impatto ambientale dei processi chimici massimizzando al contempo l'efficienza e la selettività. Questo capitolo getta le basi teoriche e metodologiche necessarie per comprendere i meccanismi, le sfide e le opportunità nella catalisi eterogenea. In particolare, il primo capitolo approfondisce lo sviluppo di nuovi sistemi catalitici, in particolare quelli che utilizzano materiali sostenibili, evidenziando i progressi nella comprensione e progettazione di supporti catalitici e il loro ruolo nel promuovere reazioni chimiche in fase eterogenea. Il secondo capitolo presenta la ricerca che ho condotto durante il mio periodo di ricerca di sei mesi all'estero presso l'Università di Manchester, sotto la guida del Prof. Carmine D'Agostino. Questa fase del mio lavoro di dottorato si è concentrata sullo studio e sull'impiego di una tecnica avanzata di caratterizzazione, basata su esperimenti di rilassamento della Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (NMR). La ricerca ha esplorato l'uso del rilassamento NMR come strumento per studiare le proprietà di adsorbimento dei liquidi all'interno di materiali porosi. Questo aspetto della mia ricerca è stato essenziale per comprendere come i diversi liquidi interagiscono con substrati solidi porosi chimicamente modificati, in particolare nel contesto della catalisi. Questo capitolo fornisce le basi teoriche necessarie per comprendere appieno il lavoro svolto nei laboratori del Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dell'Università di Manchester, dove la ricerca si è concentrata su vari supporti catalitici a base di cheratina. Analizzando i tempi di rilassamento (T1/T2) dei protoni in diversi liquidi, lo studio esplora le interazioni tra liquidi e substrati solidi, facendo luce sul comportamento di adsorbimento e sul potenziale di questi materiali come supporti catalitici. Le informazioni ottenute da questa ricerca hanno fornito dati preziosi per ottimizzare i supporti a base di cheratina e migliorarne le prestazioni nella catalisi eterogenea. Infine, il terzo capitolo della tesi presenta un progetto indipendente che ho condotto durante la prima parte del mio percorso di dottorato. Sebbene separato per focus, questo capitolo inizia con una spiegazione completa delle molecole di carbene N-eterociclico (NHC) e del loro utilizzo in vari contesti catalitici. Il capitolo si concentra poi sul campo della sintesi di polimeri, focalizzandosi in particolare sulla sintesi di poliesteri e poliammidi, sfruttando diversi metodi sintetici. Infine, presenta la ricerca condotta sulla sintesi di oligoesteri macrociclici (MCO) tramite l'uso di un sistema ossidativo catalizzato da NHC.

Use of Keratin and Bio-Based Molecules as Secondary Raw Materials for the Development of Innovative Materials

BOTTIN, MARCO
2025

Abstract

The presented doctoral thesis is organized into three distinct chapters, each contributing to different aspects of my conducted research, with two chapters closely interconnected, while the final chapter presents an entirely independent project. The thesis as a whole reflects my comprehensive exploration of several key topics in the fields of catalysis and material science, combining fundamental theoretical advancements with practical, application-driven research. The first chapter forms the heart of the research carried out at the University of Ferrara, under the supervision of Prof. Alessandro Massi. It focuses primarily on cutting-edge developments in the field of green heterogeneous catalysis, a branch of catalysis that seeks to minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes while maximizing efficiency and selectivity. This chapter lays the theoretical and methodological groundwork necessary for understanding the mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities in heterogeneous catalysis. Notably, the first chapter delves into the development of new catalytic systems, particularly those that utilize sustainable materials, highlighting advances in the understanding and design of catalytic supports and their role in promoting chemical reactions in heterogeneous phase. The second chapter presents the research I conducted during my six-month research period abroad at the University of Manchester, under the mentorship of Prof. Carmine D'Agostino. This phase of my doctoral work focused on the study and employment of an advanced characterization technique, based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation experiments. The research explored the use of NMR relaxation as a tool for studying the adsorption properties of liquids within porous materials. This aspect of my research was essential for understanding how different liquids interact with chemical modifies solid porous substrates, particularly in the context of catalysis. This chapter provides the theoretical foundations necessary to fully understand the work conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Manchester, where research focused on various keratin-based catalytic supports. By analyzing the relaxation times (T1/T2) of protons in different liquids, the study explores the interactions between liquids and solid substrates, shedding light on the adsorption behavior and the potential of these materials as catalytic supports. The insights gained from this research offered a valuable information for optimizing keratin-supports and improving their performance in heterogeneous catalysis. Finally, the third chapter of the thesis introduces an independent project that I conducted during the first part of my doctoral studies. Although separate in focus, this chapter begins with a comprehensive explanation of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) molecules and their use in various catalytic contexts. The chapter then delves into the field of polymer synthesis, specifically focusing on the synthesis of polyesters and polyamides, exploiting different synthetic methods. Finally, it presents the research conducted about the synthesis of macrocyclic oligoesters (MCOs) through the use of an NHC-catalyzed oxidative system.
MASSI, Alessandro
RAGNO, Daniele
MASSI, Alessandro
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Descrizione: Use of Keratin and Bio-Based Molecules as Secondary Raw Materials for the Development of Innovative Materials
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2586212
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