Electrification has become a central topic in the development of mobile machinery powered primarily by internal combustion engines (ICE), and it is particularly prominent in the automotive sector. Light-duty passenger vehicles, as the earliest adopters of electric powertrains, represent both the cutting edge of this technology and the first field where electrification has been successfully integrated. However, the agriculture sector, which is one of the largest consumers of fuel, is now also turning its attention to electrification. In response, the tractor industry is exploring a variety of electrification strategies tailored to different power requirements. For smaller and mid-power tractors, the "Battery Electric Vehicle" (BEV) architecture is being proposed, while larger tractors are adopting hybrid configurations that combine an internal combustion engine with electric motor-generators.The work is framed within the broader context of the environmental impact of agricultural machinery, emphasizing the relevance and potential contributions of electrified drivetrains to global sustainability efforts. The initial part situates the research in the field, providing a detailed literature review and discussing the significance of planetary gearings in Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT). This includes categorizing various CVT families and presenting fundamental equations to establish a theoretical foundation. The subsequent chapter outlines the modeling of an electrified CVT in Simcenter Amesim, describing parameter selection, component modifications, and modular architecture, with an emphasis on its application to a test case tractor and transferability to different architectures. Next part focuses on the development of the innovative output-coupled architecture, elaborating on the mathematical formulation, design conditions, and optimization processes that minimize power losses in the hydrostatic path. The architecture was first conceptualized as a hydro-mechanical system and later electrified following methodologies described earlier, integrating new control strategies and capabilities that enhance drivetrain performance and efficiency. A key contribution of this work is the design and developemnt of a scaled experimental setup, consisting of two electric motor test benches, which enables the replication of motor operation within the transmission system. This hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) methodology facilitates the evaluation of various control strategies, focusing on the power balance between the electric motor-generators and their impact on the recoverable energy within the system. The main objective of the experimental campaign is to measure the efficiency of the electric motors and their power electronics under real operational conditions. To assess the performance of the proposed system, experimental data is compared with simulation results to validate the accuracy and reliability of the models. A simplified battery model was also created to assess energy flow and efficiency under different operational conditions. Results from both HIL experiments and digital twin simulations offer insights into the advantages of the electrified configuration, including improved efficiency and controllability. Finally, the appendix provides supplementary details on models, procedures, and intermediate results, including the initial electrification of the test case tractor’s input-coupled transmission. This thesis contributes to advancing the understanding and development of electrified CVTs, demonstrating their potential to enhance the performance and sustainability of agricultural machinery.
L’elettrificazione è un tema centrale nello sviluppo dei macchinari mobili, tradizionalmente alimentati da motori a combustione interna, ed è particolarmente rilevante nel settore automobilistico. I veicoli passeggeri leggeri, tra i primi ad adottare propulsori elettrici, rappresentano sia l’avanguardia di questa tecnologia sia il primo ambito in cui l’elettrificazione è stata integrata con successo. Anche il settore agricolo, tra i maggiori consumatori di carburante, si sta orientando verso soluzioni elettrificate. L’industria dei trattori sta esplorando strategie adattate alle diverse esigenze di potenza: per i modelli di piccole e medie dimensioni si propone un’architettura a batteria, mentre per quelli più potenti si adottano configurazioni ibride con motogeneratori elettrici. Questo lavoro si inserisce nel contesto dell’impatto ambientale dei macchinari agricoli, evidenziando il contributo delle trasmissioni elettrificate alla sostenibilità globale. La parte iniziale delinea il contesto della ricerca con una revisione della letteratura, focalizzandosi sugli ingranaggi planetari nelle trasmissioni a variazione continua (CVT), classificandone le famiglie e presentando equazioni fondamentali. Il capitolo successivo descrive la modellazione di una CVT elettrificata in Simcenter Amesim (digital twin), illustrando la selezione dei parametri, le modifiche ai componenti e l’architettura modulare, con applicazione a un trattore caso studio e trasferibilità del modello. Si sviluppa un’innovativa architettura output-coupled, trattando formulazione matematica, condizioni di progetto e ottimizzazione per minimizzare le perdite di potenza nel percorso idrostatico. L’architettura, inizialmente idro-meccanica, è stata poi elettrificata, integrando nuove strategie di controllo per migliorare efficienza e prestazioni. Un contributo chiave è la progettazione e lo sviluppo di un banco prova sperimentale in scala, con due banchi prova motori elettrici, per replicare il funzionamento del motore nel sistema di trasmissione. La metodologia Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) consente di valutare strategie di controllo, bilanciamento di potenza tra i motogeneratori e recupero energetico. L’obiettivo della campagna sperimentale è misurare l’efficienza dei motori elettrici e dell’elettronica di potenza in condizioni operative reali. Le prestazioni del sistema sono valutate confrontando dati sperimentali e simulazioni per validare i modelli. È stato creato un modello semplificato della batteria per analizzare il flusso di energia e l’efficienza in varie condizioni operative. I risultati di esperimenti HIL e simulazioni con modello "digital twin" evidenziano i vantaggi della configurazione elettrificata, tra cui maggiore efficienza e controllabilità. Infine, l’appendice fornisce dettagli su modelli, procedure e risultati intermedi, inclusa l’elettrificazione della trasmissione input-coupled del trattore caso studio. Questa ricerca contribuisce allo sviluppo delle CVT elettrificate, dimostrandone il potenziale per migliorare prestazioni e sostenibilità dei macchinari agricoli.
Development and Simulation of a Novel CVT Architecture for Agricultural Tractors
CHIARABELLI, DAMIANO
2025
Abstract
Electrification has become a central topic in the development of mobile machinery powered primarily by internal combustion engines (ICE), and it is particularly prominent in the automotive sector. Light-duty passenger vehicles, as the earliest adopters of electric powertrains, represent both the cutting edge of this technology and the first field where electrification has been successfully integrated. However, the agriculture sector, which is one of the largest consumers of fuel, is now also turning its attention to electrification. In response, the tractor industry is exploring a variety of electrification strategies tailored to different power requirements. For smaller and mid-power tractors, the "Battery Electric Vehicle" (BEV) architecture is being proposed, while larger tractors are adopting hybrid configurations that combine an internal combustion engine with electric motor-generators.The work is framed within the broader context of the environmental impact of agricultural machinery, emphasizing the relevance and potential contributions of electrified drivetrains to global sustainability efforts. The initial part situates the research in the field, providing a detailed literature review and discussing the significance of planetary gearings in Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT). This includes categorizing various CVT families and presenting fundamental equations to establish a theoretical foundation. The subsequent chapter outlines the modeling of an electrified CVT in Simcenter Amesim, describing parameter selection, component modifications, and modular architecture, with an emphasis on its application to a test case tractor and transferability to different architectures. Next part focuses on the development of the innovative output-coupled architecture, elaborating on the mathematical formulation, design conditions, and optimization processes that minimize power losses in the hydrostatic path. The architecture was first conceptualized as a hydro-mechanical system and later electrified following methodologies described earlier, integrating new control strategies and capabilities that enhance drivetrain performance and efficiency. A key contribution of this work is the design and developemnt of a scaled experimental setup, consisting of two electric motor test benches, which enables the replication of motor operation within the transmission system. This hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) methodology facilitates the evaluation of various control strategies, focusing on the power balance between the electric motor-generators and their impact on the recoverable energy within the system. The main objective of the experimental campaign is to measure the efficiency of the electric motors and their power electronics under real operational conditions. To assess the performance of the proposed system, experimental data is compared with simulation results to validate the accuracy and reliability of the models. A simplified battery model was also created to assess energy flow and efficiency under different operational conditions. Results from both HIL experiments and digital twin simulations offer insights into the advantages of the electrified configuration, including improved efficiency and controllability. Finally, the appendix provides supplementary details on models, procedures, and intermediate results, including the initial electrification of the test case tractor’s input-coupled transmission. This thesis contributes to advancing the understanding and development of electrified CVTs, demonstrating their potential to enhance the performance and sustainability of agricultural machinery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Chiarabelli_tesi_finale.pdf
embargo fino al 12/03/2028
Descrizione: Development and Simulation of a Novel CVT Architecture for Agricultural Tractors
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
Licenza:
Creative commons
Dimensione
7.18 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
7.18 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri Richiedi una copia |
I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


