Aluminium (Al) alloys are increasingly finding applications because of their high specific mechanical properties and performing anodizing treatments is a well-established solution to overcome their intrinsic poor hardness and wear resistance. Among the different anodizing processes developed in the last decades, G.H.A.® (Golden Hard Anodizing) represents a variant of the traditional hard anodizing. The addition of silver salts (Ag) in the electrolytic bath results in the filling of the nanoporous structure with Ag+ ions. This enables the beneficial combination of both the anti-bacterial characteristics of ionic Ag and the established properties as a solid lubricant. To guarantee the performances of anodized components made of Al alloys in applications that involve sliding contact, the tribological characterization of the mating surfaces is a useful investigation to deeply understand the wear resistance in different environmental and motion conditions. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to provide a comprehensive study of the tribological behaviour of G.H.A.®-anodized Al alloys in comparison to a traditional sulphuric acid hard anodizing process through ball-on-disk wear tests. Non-conformal contact is commonly considered for general use characterization because of its easier set-up and physical reliability and tests involving ball-on-disk procedure which have been standardised in accordance with the specifications set by the American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM G99-17 and ASTM G133-05). The most influencing factors such as loading conditions, characteristics of the friction pair and interfacial condi-tions were taken into account in the experimental investigation. The present work has been divided in four sections and the obtained results are presented and reported in the form of scientific journal papers (i.e., Supplements). The wear behaviour of G.H.A.®-anodized EN AW-6082 Al alloy in dry reciprocating sliding against AISI 52100 was the focus of Supplement I. Quantitative wear maps were obtained for polished and unpolished Al samples to compare the wear behaviour of anodic oxide layers under the effect of different normal loads and reciprocating frequencies. Supplement II dealt with dry reciprocating sliding of self-mating anodized EN AW-6082 Al alloy. Four differ-ent anodizing treatments were performed on spherically ended pins and the effect of reciprocating frequency on the coefficient of friction (COF) and the wear rate was evaluated. At 1 Hz, wear rates were low and similar across treatments, while at 2 Hz the highest anodizing bath temperature determined the highest wear rates and poor COF repeatability. The main results obtained in the tribological investigation of an anodized EN AW-5754 Al alloy at different temperatures (~ 23, 80 and 160 °C) are reported in Supplement III. Different anodizing treatments were tested in linear reciprocating motion, showing no significant differences in COF or wear mechanisms at each tem-perature. Ag appeared to reduce wear in steel counterbodies at room temperature, but wear resistance was worst at 160 °C. Wear tracks analyzed through Raman spectroscopy permitted to attribute the evolution of the COF and the wear rate to the formation of different iron oxides debris among the sliding distance. Finally, the tribological properties of two G.H.A.® anodizing processes in vegetable oils were evaluated in Supplement IV. Testing with four oils (olive, soybean, peanut, and sunflower) under different loads (5, 10 and 15 N) revealed that oils with higher unsaturated fatty acid content increased the COF at 15 N load. Wear rates were influenced by wear mechanisms, with wavy profiles observed at higher loads, leading to larger standard deviations in wear rate.
Le leghe di alluminio (Al) sono sempre più utilizzate in applicazioni strutturali grazie alle loro elevate proprietà meccaniche specifiche. I trattamenti di anodizzazione sono una soluzione consolidata per migliorare la durezza e la resistenza all'usura di queste leghe. Il processo G.H.A.® (Golden Hard Anodizing), una variante della tradizionale anodizzazione dura, prevede l’aggiunta di sali d’argento (Ag) nel bagno elettrolitico, che permette di riempire la struttura nanoporosa con ioni Ag+. Ciò permette di combinare la resistenza all’usura degli strati anodici con le proprietà antibatteriche, anti-virali e di lubrificazione solida dell’Ag. Per garantire le prestazioni dei componenti in lega di Al anodizzati in applicazioni che prevedono contatti e strisciamenti, è utile la caratterizzazione tribologica delle superfici, al fine di comprendere la resistenza all’usura in diverse condizioni ambientali e di movimento. L’obiettivo di questa tesi di dottorato è lo studio del comportamento tribologico di leghe anodizzate G.H.A.® attraverso prove di usura ball-on-disk. Il contatto non-conforme è infatti frequentemente usato per la caratterizzazione tribologica di superfici per la sua facilità di esecuzione e l’affidabilità dei risultati. I test sono stati condotti secondo le specifiche dell’American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM G99-17 e ASTM G133-05). La tesi è suddivisa in quattro sezioni principali, con i risultati presentati sotto forma di articoli scientifici (Supplements). Il Supplement I esplora il comportamento a usura della lega EN AW-6082 anodizzata G.H.A.® in accoppiamento all’acciaio AISI 52100 e in condizioni di moto reciprocating. Sono state utilizzate mappe di usura quantitative per confrontare la resistenza all’usura di strati anodizzati realizzati su questa lega, sottoposti a diverse combinazioni di carico normale e frequenza di strisciamento, valutando anche l’effetto di una procedura di lucidatura industriale. Nel Supplement II si analizza il comportamento a usura di campioni in lega di Al EN AW-6082 anodizzata in accoppiamento reciproco (materiale omologo) e in moto reciprocating. Sono stati eseguiti tre varianti di anodizzazione G.H.A.® e una tradizionale su pin sferici, variando la temperatura del bagno di anodizzazione e la procedura di sigillatura. A 1 Hz i tassi di usura erano simili tra i vari trattamenti, mentre a 2 Hz la temperatura più alta del bagno ha comportato tassi di usura più elevati e una scarsa ripetibilità del coefficiente di attrito (COF). Il Supplement III presenta i risultati ottenuti sulla caratterizzazione tribologica a diverse temperature della lega EN AW-5754 anodizzata. Sono stati considerati un trattamento di anodizzazione dura tradizionale e due va-rianti del processo G.H.A.®. I test sono stati eseguiti a temperatura ambiente (~23 °C), 80 e 160 °C, in moto reciprocating. Non sono emerse differenze significative nel coefficiente di attrito tra i tre strati anodizzati. L’Ag ha influenzato l'usura delle sfere in acciaio, riducendo la quantità di materiale usurato nei primi cicli a temperatura ambiente e 80 °C. A 160 °C si è osservata la peggiore resistenza all’usura, correlata ai detriti di usura analizzati tramite spettroscopia Raman. Nel Supplement IV sono discussi i risultati sulla tribologia di una lega EN AW-4006 anodizzata con due va-rianti del processo G.H.A.®, utilizzando oli vegetali come lubrificanti. Sono stati testati oli di oliva, soia, arachidi e girasole in moto reciprocating, con tre diversi carichi normali. È emerso che un aumento del contenuto di acidi grassi insaturi nell'olio determina un incremento del coefficiente d’attrito. Il tasso di usura è risultato dipendere invece dal meccanismo di usura: a carichi elevati, sono stati osservati profili ondulati sui campioni anodizzati, con ampie deviazioni standard nel tasso di usura.
Tribological behaviour of Ag-doped nanoporous layer of hard anodized wrought aluminium alloys
BARONI, ENRICO
2025
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) alloys are increasingly finding applications because of their high specific mechanical properties and performing anodizing treatments is a well-established solution to overcome their intrinsic poor hardness and wear resistance. Among the different anodizing processes developed in the last decades, G.H.A.® (Golden Hard Anodizing) represents a variant of the traditional hard anodizing. The addition of silver salts (Ag) in the electrolytic bath results in the filling of the nanoporous structure with Ag+ ions. This enables the beneficial combination of both the anti-bacterial characteristics of ionic Ag and the established properties as a solid lubricant. To guarantee the performances of anodized components made of Al alloys in applications that involve sliding contact, the tribological characterization of the mating surfaces is a useful investigation to deeply understand the wear resistance in different environmental and motion conditions. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to provide a comprehensive study of the tribological behaviour of G.H.A.®-anodized Al alloys in comparison to a traditional sulphuric acid hard anodizing process through ball-on-disk wear tests. Non-conformal contact is commonly considered for general use characterization because of its easier set-up and physical reliability and tests involving ball-on-disk procedure which have been standardised in accordance with the specifications set by the American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM G99-17 and ASTM G133-05). The most influencing factors such as loading conditions, characteristics of the friction pair and interfacial condi-tions were taken into account in the experimental investigation. The present work has been divided in four sections and the obtained results are presented and reported in the form of scientific journal papers (i.e., Supplements). The wear behaviour of G.H.A.®-anodized EN AW-6082 Al alloy in dry reciprocating sliding against AISI 52100 was the focus of Supplement I. Quantitative wear maps were obtained for polished and unpolished Al samples to compare the wear behaviour of anodic oxide layers under the effect of different normal loads and reciprocating frequencies. Supplement II dealt with dry reciprocating sliding of self-mating anodized EN AW-6082 Al alloy. Four differ-ent anodizing treatments were performed on spherically ended pins and the effect of reciprocating frequency on the coefficient of friction (COF) and the wear rate was evaluated. At 1 Hz, wear rates were low and similar across treatments, while at 2 Hz the highest anodizing bath temperature determined the highest wear rates and poor COF repeatability. The main results obtained in the tribological investigation of an anodized EN AW-5754 Al alloy at different temperatures (~ 23, 80 and 160 °C) are reported in Supplement III. Different anodizing treatments were tested in linear reciprocating motion, showing no significant differences in COF or wear mechanisms at each tem-perature. Ag appeared to reduce wear in steel counterbodies at room temperature, but wear resistance was worst at 160 °C. Wear tracks analyzed through Raman spectroscopy permitted to attribute the evolution of the COF and the wear rate to the formation of different iron oxides debris among the sliding distance. Finally, the tribological properties of two G.H.A.® anodizing processes in vegetable oils were evaluated in Supplement IV. Testing with four oils (olive, soybean, peanut, and sunflower) under different loads (5, 10 and 15 N) revealed that oils with higher unsaturated fatty acid content increased the COF at 15 N load. Wear rates were influenced by wear mechanisms, with wavy profiles observed at higher loads, leading to larger standard deviations in wear rate.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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