Understanding the dynamics that influenced ancient societies is essential for reconstructing the processes of change and transformation that have shaped our past. Transitional phases, often marked by a lack of direct historical sources, present a unique opportunity to investigate the profound social and cultural transformations that have defined the evolution of pre- and protohistoric communities. The Bronze Age, a crucial period in the history of northern Italy, is characterised by the emergence of the Terramare settlements, whose territorial and social organisation offers insights into human mobility, group interactions, and colonisation dynamics. These settlements, distinctive for their structure and innovative use of the land, raise fundamental questions about the origins of the populations that inhabited them. The motivations behind human mobility during this period are multiple, ranging from climatic and demographic factors to potential conflicts and the need for new resources. Recent genetic studies have confirmed that the Bronze Age was marked by widespread mobility across Eurasia, challenging traditional static views of European prehistory and protohistory suggesting that populations from the East may have played a decisive role in shaping European societies. In this context, northeastern Italy emerges as a strategic area of connection between the Balkans and the Carpathian-Danubian regions, a crossroads where migratory dynamics may have facilitated the encounter and fusion of different cultural traditions. Through a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeology, anthropology, and statistical analysis, this study explores the biological and cultural relationships of the Terramare populations. By analysing cranial and dental traits, both metric and non-metric, the study investigates the possibility of migration and admixture between groups, providing a foundation for reflection on the formation and evolution of these communities. Biological distance, a method that traces affinities and differences between groups based on phenotypic characteristics, is a crucial tool for identifying potential signs of admixture or separation between local and migratory groups. Using state-of-the-art statistical techniques, including Mahalanobis distance, Sokal & Michener similarity coefficient, and Gower distance, and applying Principal Component Analysis, this study aims to uncover the intricate connections between the populations of the Terramare necropolises, offering a more detailed view of the migration and adaptation processes that characterised the period. The ultimate goal is to investigate whether the Terramare communities were the result of independent settlement by local groups, or whether they were instead the outcome of a migratory phenomenon from more distant regions, such as the Balkans or the Danubian area. Additionally, the internal dynamics of these populations will be explored, questioning the type of mobility practiced: was there patrilocal mobility, or did entire groups move for social or economic reasons? The answers to these questions may not only provide new insights into protohistoric migratory processes but also reveal the roots of certain cultural traits that defined Bronze Age European societies. Thus, this study not only examines the biological traits of the populations of the Valli Grandi Veronesi but also serves as a point of reference for understanding ancient migratory flows, using biological distance to trace connections between European populations and those from external regions, shedding light on one of the most complex and fascinating phases of the European protohistory.

La comprensione delle dinamiche che hanno influenzato le società antiche è essenziale per ricostruire i processi di cambiamento e trasformazione che hanno modellato il nostro passato. In particolare, le fasi di transizione pre e protostoriche, spesso segnate da una carenza di fonti storiche dirette, rappresentano un’opportunità unica per indagare le profonde trasformazioni sociali e culturali che hanno segnato l’evoluzione delle comunità. L’età del Bronzo, un periodo cruciale nella storia dell’Italia settentrionale, è caratterizzata dall'emergere degli insediamenti chiamati Terramare, la cui organizzazione territoriale e sociale ci offre spunti di riflessione sulla mobilità umana, sulle interazioni tra gruppi e sulle dinamiche di colonizzazione. Questi insediamenti, distintivi per la loro strutturazione e per l’uso innovativo del territorio, pongono interrogativi fondamentali sulla provenienza delle popolazioni che li abitavano. Le motivazioni alla base della mobilità umana durante questo periodo sono molteplici e variano da fattori climatici e demografici a possibili conflitti e necessità di nuove risorse. Studi genetici recenti hanno confermato che l’età del Bronzo fu segnata da una mobilità diffusa attraverso l’Eurasia, mettendo in discussione le tradizionali visioni statiche della pre e protostoria europea e suggerendo che popolazioni provenienti da est possano aver contribuito in modo decisivo alla formazione delle società europee. In questo scenario, il Nord-Est dell’Italia emerge come una zona strategica di interconnessione tra i Balcani e le aree carpatico-danubiane, un crocevia dove le dinamiche migratorie hanno potuto favorire l’incontro e la fusione di diverse tradizioni culturali. Attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare che unisce archeologia, antropologia e analisi statistica, questo studio esplora le relazioni biologiche e culturali delle popolazioni delle Terramare. Analizzando tratti cranici e dentali, sia metrici che non metrici, si indaga la possibilità di migrazioni e commistioni tra gruppi, offrendo uno spunto per riflettere sulla formazione e sull’evoluzione di queste comunità. La distanza biologica, un metodo che consente di tracciare le affinità e le differenze tra gruppi a partire da caratteristiche fenotipiche, rappresenta uno strumento cruciale per identificare eventuali segni di mescolanza o separazione tra gruppi locali e migratori. Utilizzando tecniche statistiche avanzate, tra cui la distanza di Mahalanobis, il coefficiente di similarità di Sokal-Michener e la distanza di Gower, e applicando l'analisi delle componenti principali, questo studio mira a svelare le intricate connessioni tra le popolazioni delle necropoli delle Terramare, offrendo una visione più dettagliata dei processi di migrazione e adattamento che hanno caratterizzato il periodo. L’obiettivo finale è quello di indagare se le comunità delle Terramare siano il risultato di un insediamento autonomo da gruppi locali o se, al contrario, siano frutto di un fenomeno migratorio proveniente da aree più lontane, come i Balcani o la regione danubiana. Inoltre, si esploreranno le potenziali dinamiche interne di queste popolazioni, interrogandosi sul tipo di mobilità praticata. Le risposte a queste domande potrebbero non solo fornire nuove chiavi di lettura sui processi migratori protstorici, ma anche rivelare le radici di alcune caratteristiche culturali che hanno definito le società europee del Bronzo. Questo studio, quindi, non solo esamina i tratti biologici delle popolazioni delle Valli Grandi Veronesi, ma si pone anche come un punto di riferimento per la comprensione dei flussi migratori nell'antichità, utilizzando la distanza biologica per tracciare le connessioni tra le popolazioni europee e quelle provenienti da regioni esterne, illuminando così una delle fasi più complesse e affascinanti della storia prototorica europea.

Tracing connections: internal and external biological distances of the Terramare (North-Eastern Italy, Bronze Age) from cranial and dental evidence

VESCOVO, GIULIA
2025

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics that influenced ancient societies is essential for reconstructing the processes of change and transformation that have shaped our past. Transitional phases, often marked by a lack of direct historical sources, present a unique opportunity to investigate the profound social and cultural transformations that have defined the evolution of pre- and protohistoric communities. The Bronze Age, a crucial period in the history of northern Italy, is characterised by the emergence of the Terramare settlements, whose territorial and social organisation offers insights into human mobility, group interactions, and colonisation dynamics. These settlements, distinctive for their structure and innovative use of the land, raise fundamental questions about the origins of the populations that inhabited them. The motivations behind human mobility during this period are multiple, ranging from climatic and demographic factors to potential conflicts and the need for new resources. Recent genetic studies have confirmed that the Bronze Age was marked by widespread mobility across Eurasia, challenging traditional static views of European prehistory and protohistory suggesting that populations from the East may have played a decisive role in shaping European societies. In this context, northeastern Italy emerges as a strategic area of connection between the Balkans and the Carpathian-Danubian regions, a crossroads where migratory dynamics may have facilitated the encounter and fusion of different cultural traditions. Through a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeology, anthropology, and statistical analysis, this study explores the biological and cultural relationships of the Terramare populations. By analysing cranial and dental traits, both metric and non-metric, the study investigates the possibility of migration and admixture between groups, providing a foundation for reflection on the formation and evolution of these communities. Biological distance, a method that traces affinities and differences between groups based on phenotypic characteristics, is a crucial tool for identifying potential signs of admixture or separation between local and migratory groups. Using state-of-the-art statistical techniques, including Mahalanobis distance, Sokal & Michener similarity coefficient, and Gower distance, and applying Principal Component Analysis, this study aims to uncover the intricate connections between the populations of the Terramare necropolises, offering a more detailed view of the migration and adaptation processes that characterised the period. The ultimate goal is to investigate whether the Terramare communities were the result of independent settlement by local groups, or whether they were instead the outcome of a migratory phenomenon from more distant regions, such as the Balkans or the Danubian area. Additionally, the internal dynamics of these populations will be explored, questioning the type of mobility practiced: was there patrilocal mobility, or did entire groups move for social or economic reasons? The answers to these questions may not only provide new insights into protohistoric migratory processes but also reveal the roots of certain cultural traits that defined Bronze Age European societies. Thus, this study not only examines the biological traits of the populations of the Valli Grandi Veronesi but also serves as a point of reference for understanding ancient migratory flows, using biological distance to trace connections between European populations and those from external regions, shedding light on one of the most complex and fascinating phases of the European protohistory.
BRAMANTI, Barbara
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2585840
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