Introduction: Rapid advancements in the delivery of gene therapies have been driven by optimizing viral vectors to deliver genetic materials to code for therapeutic genes into human cells. Further advancements have been hindered by the limitations of the Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vector gene delivery platform. Limitations of AAV-based gene therapy include, packaging constraints, immunogenicity of the viral capsid, systemic toxicities, integration, and durability of expression. The capability to control therapeutic expression of a transgene is critical for developing future therapies. Enhancement to regulate expression of transgenes may be achieved through proper and enhanced cassette design. To achieve more optimal regulation and improve design, several different methodologies need to be leveraged to create and test truncated promoters. Objective: This dissertation aimed to examine two approaches to drive potent transgene expression levels and to achieve tunable expression. The first series of experiments focused on optimizing the properties of the promoter and other cis-regulatory elements (CREs) to enhance the design of AAV expression cassette. The second approach centered on creating tunable transgene expression utilizing an ADAR editing system to generate an on-switch for an AAV-delivered episome. Methods: In the first series of experiments exploring the feasibility of miniaturizing ubiquitous promoters, six ubiquitous promoters were characterized (i.e., Ubiq-1, Ubiq-2, Ubiq-3, Ubiq-4, Ubiq-5, and Ubiq-6) in vitro across several cell types (i.e., ARPE19, Y79, Neuro2A, Huh7, and HEK293) utilizing fluorescent report gene dTomato and hFIX transgene to measure expression and evaluate key components of each promoter. Variants generated for Ubiq-1 through Ubiq-6 where transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs) were swapped to increase tissue specificity. In the second series of studies examining the tunability of transgene expression post-AAV delivery a premature termination codon was introduced into the transgene. Specifically, an OFF/ON switch was established thus enabling protein expression to be triggered by ADAR-mediated mRNA editing. In vitro and in vivo studies utilizing the coagulation human factor IX (hFIX) transgene were conducted. Results: The results of these first experiments indicated that the presence of a 5’UTR and/or intron are cell-type dependent when it comes to the expression level achieved in the promoters evaluated. The tiled ablation deletion series for Ubiq-6 identified key areas of the promoter, resulting in truncated promoters ranging in size from 282bp to 682bp in length. In these experiments tissue specificity increased as promoter size decreased. This led to the swapping of TFBM with ocular-specific TFBM to increase expression in ocular cell lines, as seen with the Comp-7-Var1 promoter in Y79 cells. The findings of the second series of experiments focused on tunability of transgenes indicated successful rescue of protein expression was feasible, evident by obtaining close to 50% of wildtype FIX expression levels post-delivery of the trigger RNA. Results from the in vivo studies showed a dose-dependent response between the amount of trigger RNA delivered and the levels of FIX expression detected in mouse plasma. They also demonstrated the feasibility to redose with trigger RNA LNP and achieve similar levels of FIX expression seen in the initial dosing. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ubiquitous promoters can be truncated to maintain potency and be engineered to increase tissue specificity. Additionally, this project demonstrated ADAR-mediated RNA editing is a possible method by which to achieve tunable expression of an AAV-delivered transgene. Collectively, findings from this work can inform future directions to generate compact promoters with increased specificity while preserving potency and optimizing tunability.
Introduzione: I rapidi progressi nella somministrazione di terapie geniche sono stati guidati dall'ottimizzazione dei vettori virali per la somministrazione di materiali genetici per codificare geni terapeutici nelle cellule umane. Ulteriori progressi sono stati ostacolati dalle limitazioni della piattaforma di somministrazione genica del vettore Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV). Le limitazioni della terapia genica basata su AAV includono vincoli di confezionamento, immunogenicità del capside virale, tossicità sistemiche, integrazione e durata dell'espressione. La capacità di controllare l'espressione terapeutica di un transgene è fondamentale per lo sviluppo di terapie future. Il miglioramento per regolare l'espressione dei transgeni può essere ottenuto tramite un design della cassetta corretto e migliorato. Per ottenere una regolamentazione più ottimale e migliorare il design, è necessario sfruttare diverse metodologie per creare e testare promotori troncati. Obiettivo: Questa tesi mirava a esaminare due approcci per guidare potenti livelli di espressione transgenica e per ottenere un'espressione sintonizzabile. La prima serie di esperimenti si è concentrata sull'ottimizzazione delle proprietà del promotore e di altri elementi cis-regolatori (CRE) per migliorare la progettazione della cassetta di espressione AAV. Il secondo approccio si è concentrato sulla creazione di un'espressione transgenica sintonizzabile utilizzando un sistema di editing ADAR per generare un interruttore di accensione per un episoma consegnato da AAV. Risultati: I risultati di questi primi esperimenti hanno indicato che la presenza di un 5'UTR e/o di un introne dipendono dal tipo di cellula quando si tratta del livello di espressione raggiunto nei promotori valutati. La serie di delezioni di ablazione tiled per Ubiq-6 ha identificato aree chiave del promotore, con conseguenti promotori troncati di dimensioni variabili da 282 bp a 682 bp di lunghezza. In questi esperimenti la specificità tissutale è aumentata con la diminuzione delle dimensioni del promotore. Ciò ha portato allo scambio di TFBM con TFBM specifico per l'occhio per aumentare l'espressione nelle linee cellulari oculari, come si è visto con il promotore Comp-7-Var1 nelle cellule Y79. I risultati della seconda serie di esperimenti incentrati sulla sintonizzabilità dei transgeni hanno indicato che il salvataggio riuscito dell'espressione proteica era fattibile, come è evidente dall'ottenimento di quasi il 50% dei livelli di espressione FIX di tipo selvatico dopo la somministrazione dell'RNA trigger. I risultati degli studi in vivo hanno mostrato una risposta dose-dipendente tra la quantità di trigger RNA somministrata e i livelli di espressione di FIX rilevati nel plasma del topo. Hanno anche dimostrato la fattibilità di ridosare con trigger RNA LNP e raggiungere livelli simili di espressione di FIX osservati nel dosaggio iniziale. Conclusione: questi risultati suggeriscono che i promotori ubiquitari possono essere troncati per mantenere la potenza e progettati per aumentare la specificità tissutale. Inoltre, questo progetto ha dimostrato che l'editing dell'RNA mediato da ADAR è un possibile metodo per ottenere un'espressione sintonizzabile di un transgene consegnato da AAV. Nel complesso, i risultati di questo lavoro possono informare le direzioni future per generare promotori compatti con maggiore specificità, preservando al contempo la potenza e ottimizzando la sintonizzabilità.
Examining Gene Editing and Promoter Optimization Approaches and Their Implications to Future Therapies
SILVERBERG JR, JOSEPH
2025
Abstract
Introduction: Rapid advancements in the delivery of gene therapies have been driven by optimizing viral vectors to deliver genetic materials to code for therapeutic genes into human cells. Further advancements have been hindered by the limitations of the Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vector gene delivery platform. Limitations of AAV-based gene therapy include, packaging constraints, immunogenicity of the viral capsid, systemic toxicities, integration, and durability of expression. The capability to control therapeutic expression of a transgene is critical for developing future therapies. Enhancement to regulate expression of transgenes may be achieved through proper and enhanced cassette design. To achieve more optimal regulation and improve design, several different methodologies need to be leveraged to create and test truncated promoters. Objective: This dissertation aimed to examine two approaches to drive potent transgene expression levels and to achieve tunable expression. The first series of experiments focused on optimizing the properties of the promoter and other cis-regulatory elements (CREs) to enhance the design of AAV expression cassette. The second approach centered on creating tunable transgene expression utilizing an ADAR editing system to generate an on-switch for an AAV-delivered episome. Methods: In the first series of experiments exploring the feasibility of miniaturizing ubiquitous promoters, six ubiquitous promoters were characterized (i.e., Ubiq-1, Ubiq-2, Ubiq-3, Ubiq-4, Ubiq-5, and Ubiq-6) in vitro across several cell types (i.e., ARPE19, Y79, Neuro2A, Huh7, and HEK293) utilizing fluorescent report gene dTomato and hFIX transgene to measure expression and evaluate key components of each promoter. Variants generated for Ubiq-1 through Ubiq-6 where transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs) were swapped to increase tissue specificity. In the second series of studies examining the tunability of transgene expression post-AAV delivery a premature termination codon was introduced into the transgene. Specifically, an OFF/ON switch was established thus enabling protein expression to be triggered by ADAR-mediated mRNA editing. In vitro and in vivo studies utilizing the coagulation human factor IX (hFIX) transgene were conducted. Results: The results of these first experiments indicated that the presence of a 5’UTR and/or intron are cell-type dependent when it comes to the expression level achieved in the promoters evaluated. The tiled ablation deletion series for Ubiq-6 identified key areas of the promoter, resulting in truncated promoters ranging in size from 282bp to 682bp in length. In these experiments tissue specificity increased as promoter size decreased. This led to the swapping of TFBM with ocular-specific TFBM to increase expression in ocular cell lines, as seen with the Comp-7-Var1 promoter in Y79 cells. The findings of the second series of experiments focused on tunability of transgenes indicated successful rescue of protein expression was feasible, evident by obtaining close to 50% of wildtype FIX expression levels post-delivery of the trigger RNA. Results from the in vivo studies showed a dose-dependent response between the amount of trigger RNA delivered and the levels of FIX expression detected in mouse plasma. They also demonstrated the feasibility to redose with trigger RNA LNP and achieve similar levels of FIX expression seen in the initial dosing. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ubiquitous promoters can be truncated to maintain potency and be engineered to increase tissue specificity. Additionally, this project demonstrated ADAR-mediated RNA editing is a possible method by which to achieve tunable expression of an AAV-delivered transgene. Collectively, findings from this work can inform future directions to generate compact promoters with increased specificity while preserving potency and optimizing tunability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Doctoral_Thesis_Silverberg_Final.pdf
embargo fino al 19/03/2026
Descrizione: Doctoral Thesis Silverberg
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Tesi di dottorato
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