Italy and the European Union are at the forefront of a critical sustainable transition, a pivotal endeavour for shaping the future and requiring an in-depth exploration of its multifaceted dimensions. Technology plays a central role in enabling this transformation. In recent years, technological development and innovation have been key drivers of substantial change in developed countries, but their deployment depends on a shift in the use of minerals and raw materials. These resources, frequently extracted in low-income countries, are pivotal for the global supply chain. Although academic literature has extensively studied the economic, social, and environmental effects of mining activities, there remains a lack of consensus, particularly regarding their impact in fragile contexts. Large-scale industrial facilities and small artisanal mines generate widely debated effects, including social and environmental costs and economic benefits like job creation and infrastructure improvements. However, limited attention has been devoted to the intersection of global technological trends and local phenomena, such as conflicts or social changes. This doctoral thesis contributes to addressing these gaps in three primary ways. The first chapter analyses the impact of technological advancements on riots in Sub-Saharan African mining areas from 2002 to 2018. Using patent data as a measure of exogenous technological change, the analysis suggests that an increase in patents linked to locally exploited minerals reduces the likelihood of riots near mining sites. These results highlight how innovation can mitigate social tensions and foster stabilization through economic development. The second chapter centres on the DRC, a major exporter of strategic raw materials essential for batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. This analysis demonstrates that the mining boom starting in 2007 coincided with an improvement in the wellbeing index in local communities. By adopting a multidimensional approach, the research captures both economic and social aspects of development, aligning with the broader framework of sustainable development. The third chapter explores Liberia, focusing on the socioeconomic dynamics triggered by a boom in artisanal mining. Results indicate that households near extraction sites allocate more land to agriculture, which is vital for food security and micronutrient supply in rural communities. Furthermore, artisanal mining appears to positively impact household wealth, underscoring its potential economic benefits despite its challenges in regulation and environmental impact. An innovative methodological approach underpins this research, employing exogenous patent variations as a tool to study intricate phenomena, such as the relationship between minerals and social violences. Patents, serving as independent and global measures of technological progress, mitigate concerns of endogeneity and reverse causality. The findings also have broader implications for sustainable development and public policy. The interplay between technology and wellbeing in mining contexts is critical, given the growing demand for critical minerals essential for green technologies and renewable energy. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this thesis integrates perspectives from economics, agriculture, and data science to provide a nuanced understanding of the social consequences of technological innovation in resource-supplying nations. Predominantly employing quantitative methods, the research contributes to academic debates and offers practical insights for more informed and sustainable public policies. In conclusion, while mining activities can drive significant economic and social progress, their potential must be harnessed with careful management and comprehensive knowledge. Only by fostering a deeper understanding and implementing sustainable practices can mining truly become a force for positive global change.

L’Italia e l’Unione Europea guidano la transizione sostenibile, processo che richiede un’approfondita esplorazione delle sue molteplici dimensioni, in cui la tecnologia ha un ruolo centrale. Negli ultimi anni, innovazione tecnologica e sviluppo hanno trasformato i Paesi sviluppati, ma la loro applicazione dipende da un cambiamento nell’uso delle materie prime e dei minerali essenziali per far funzionare queste tecnologie. Tali risorse, spesso estratte in Paesi fragili, sono fondamentali per la catena di approvvigionamento globale. Sebbene la letteratura accademica abbia studiato gli effetti economici, sociali e ambientali delle attività minerarie, manca un consenso sul loro impatto nei contesti fragili. Sia le strutture industriali che le miniere artigianali comportano conseguenze sociali dibattute, inclusi costi ambientali e benefici economici, come la creazione di posti di lavoro e il miglioramento delle infrastrutture. Questa tesi di dottorato affronta tali tematiche. Nel primo capitolo, l’analisi esamina l’impatto del progresso tecnologico sul sorgere di sommosse nelle aree minerarie dell’Africa subsahariana, dal 2002 al 2018. Utilizzando i brevetti come misura esogena del cambiamento tecnologico, l’analisi suggerisce che un aumento dei brevetti legati alle tecnologie che impiegano i minerali riduca la probabilità di sommosse locali, evidenziando come l’innovazione possa mitigare le tensioni sociali e favorire la stabilità economica. Il secondo capitolo si concentra sulla Repubblica Democratica del Congo, principale esportatore di materie prime strategiche per batterie e sistemi di accumulo. L’analisi mostra che il boom minerario iniziato nel 2007 ha coinciso con un miglioramento dell’indice di benessere nelle comunità locali, misurando non solo l’aspetto economico-finanziario ma anche quello sociale, in linea con il quadro dello sviluppo sostenibile. Il terzo capitolo esamina la Liberia, analizzando le dinamiche socioeconomiche derivanti da un boom dell’estrazione mineraria artigianale. I risultati indicano che le famiglie vicine ai siti minerari destinano più terreno all’agricoltura, fondamentale per la sicurezza alimentare e l’apporto di micronutrienti, e che l’estrazione artigianale influisce positivamente sulla ricchezza familiare, nonostante le sfide regolatorie e ambientali. La ricerca adotta un approccio metodologico innovativo, sfruttando variazioni esogene nei brevetti per studiare la relazione tra minerali e violenze sociali, riducendo i rischi di endogeneità. I risultati hanno implicazioni per lo sviluppo sostenibile e le politiche pubbliche, evidenziando l’intreccio tra tecnologia e benessere nei contesti minerari, in un’epoca di crescente domanda di minerali critici per le tecnologie verdi e le energie rinnovabili. Grazie a un approccio interdisciplinare che integra economia, agricoltura e data science, la tesi fornisce una comprensione ampia delle conseguenze sociali dell’innovazione tecnologica nei Paesi fornitori di risorse, offrendo spunti per politiche pubbliche sostenibili. In conclusione, sebbene le attività minerarie possano favorire progressi economici e sociali, il loro potenziale va gestito con cura. Solo con una maggiore consapevolezza e pratiche sostenibili l’estrazione mineraria potrà diventare una forza di cambiamento positivo a livello globale.

Green technologies, complementarities, and economic development

LUPI, Giacomo Roberto
2025

Abstract

Italy and the European Union are at the forefront of a critical sustainable transition, a pivotal endeavour for shaping the future and requiring an in-depth exploration of its multifaceted dimensions. Technology plays a central role in enabling this transformation. In recent years, technological development and innovation have been key drivers of substantial change in developed countries, but their deployment depends on a shift in the use of minerals and raw materials. These resources, frequently extracted in low-income countries, are pivotal for the global supply chain. Although academic literature has extensively studied the economic, social, and environmental effects of mining activities, there remains a lack of consensus, particularly regarding their impact in fragile contexts. Large-scale industrial facilities and small artisanal mines generate widely debated effects, including social and environmental costs and economic benefits like job creation and infrastructure improvements. However, limited attention has been devoted to the intersection of global technological trends and local phenomena, such as conflicts or social changes. This doctoral thesis contributes to addressing these gaps in three primary ways. The first chapter analyses the impact of technological advancements on riots in Sub-Saharan African mining areas from 2002 to 2018. Using patent data as a measure of exogenous technological change, the analysis suggests that an increase in patents linked to locally exploited minerals reduces the likelihood of riots near mining sites. These results highlight how innovation can mitigate social tensions and foster stabilization through economic development. The second chapter centres on the DRC, a major exporter of strategic raw materials essential for batteries used in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. This analysis demonstrates that the mining boom starting in 2007 coincided with an improvement in the wellbeing index in local communities. By adopting a multidimensional approach, the research captures both economic and social aspects of development, aligning with the broader framework of sustainable development. The third chapter explores Liberia, focusing on the socioeconomic dynamics triggered by a boom in artisanal mining. Results indicate that households near extraction sites allocate more land to agriculture, which is vital for food security and micronutrient supply in rural communities. Furthermore, artisanal mining appears to positively impact household wealth, underscoring its potential economic benefits despite its challenges in regulation and environmental impact. An innovative methodological approach underpins this research, employing exogenous patent variations as a tool to study intricate phenomena, such as the relationship between minerals and social violences. Patents, serving as independent and global measures of technological progress, mitigate concerns of endogeneity and reverse causality. The findings also have broader implications for sustainable development and public policy. The interplay between technology and wellbeing in mining contexts is critical, given the growing demand for critical minerals essential for green technologies and renewable energy. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this thesis integrates perspectives from economics, agriculture, and data science to provide a nuanced understanding of the social consequences of technological innovation in resource-supplying nations. Predominantly employing quantitative methods, the research contributes to academic debates and offers practical insights for more informed and sustainable public policies. In conclusion, while mining activities can drive significant economic and social progress, their potential must be harnessed with careful management and comprehensive knowledge. Only by fostering a deeper understanding and implementing sustainable practices can mining truly become a force for positive global change.
NICOLLI, Francesco
RIZZO, Ugo
BARTOLINI, Fabio
SPINOZZI, Paola
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2584706
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