Climate change is increasing the prevalence and severity of many diseases through direct and indirect mechanisms. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem imbalances contribute to cardiovascular diseases, heatstrokes, infectious diseases, malnutrition, and an increased risk of diabetes. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, post-menopausal women, children, and individuals with pre-existing conditions, are particularly affected, with a greater impact observed in low-income countries. My research project adopted a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the effects of climate change on health, focusing on the environmental sustainability of healthcare. I conducted a survey in Yaoundé, Cameroon (March- May 2024), which revealed a high level of public awareness (85% observed climate changes) but also significant health vulnerabilities (60% reported respiratory and heat-related disorders). Limited access to healthcare services and adaptation resources emerged as key barriers, while 45% of participants had adopted adaptation measures. The community supported government initiatives such as reforestation (80%) and adopting alternative energy sources (65%), indicating the need for targeted interventions. To identify new therapeutic targets for climate-influenced diseases, I demonstrated that 1) heat stress activates Notch receptors, which are important mediators of the inflammatory response, 2) estrogens attenuate inflammation by inhibiting Notch, and 3) fermented berries possess antioxidant properties in endothelial cells, reducing oxidative stress by decreasing heme oxygenase-1. These findings suggest that Notch inhibition and dietary bioactive compounds could offer protection against heat-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, I contributed to the development of an innovative method based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the early detection of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), providing a rapid and accurate alternative to traditional techniques (ELISA, qRT-PCR). Finally, I explored the potential of empagliflozin (EMPA) in reducing healthcare costs and greenhouse gas emissions. A literature review highlighted that EMPA reduces hospitalizations in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with heart failure, thereby lowering healthcare costs and the environmental impact of hospitals. Experiments on cardiomyoblasts showed that EMPA counteracts glucose-induced cellular stress and stimulates Notch1, a cardioprotective receptor. Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which EMPA protects against heart failure could help identify patients who respond best to treatment, offering further benefits for the sustainability of the healthcare system. These results underscore the complex relationship between climate change, inflammation, and healthcare system sustainability. By integrating molecular studies, public perceptions, and diagnostic innovations, this research provides tools to mitigate the impact of climate change on human health and reduce the healthcare system's ecological footprint.
Il cambiamento climatico sta aumentando la prevalenza e la gravità di molte malattie attraverso meccanismi diretti e indiretti. Temperature elevate, eventi estremi e squilibri ecosistemici favoriscono patologie cardiovascolari, colpi di calore, malattie infettive e causano malnutrizione e aumento del rischio di diabete. Le popolazioni vulnerabili, tra cui anziani, donne in post-menopausa, bambini e persone con condizioni preesistenti, ne sono particolarmente colpite, con un impatto maggiore nei paesi a basso reddito. Il mio progetto di ricerca ha adottato un approccio multidisciplinare per ridurne gli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici sulla salute, con attenziona anche alla sostenibilità ambientale dell’assistenza sanitaria. Ho condotto un’indagine a Yaoundé, Camerun (marzo-maggio 2024), evidenziando un'alta consapevolezza pubblica (85% ha osservato cambiamenti climatici), ma anche vulnerabilità sanitarie (60% ha riportato disturbi respiratori e legati al calore). L’accesso limitato ai servizi sanitari e alle risorse di adattamento è risultato un ostacolo chiave, mentre il 45% dei partecipanti ha adottato misure di adattamento. La comunità sostiene iniziative governative come la riforestazione (80%) e l’adozione di energie alternative (65%), indicando la necessità di interventi mirati. Al fine di identificare nuovi bersagli terapeutici contro le patologie influenzate dai cambiamenti climatici, ho dimostrato che 1) lo stress da calore attiva i recettori Notch, importanti mediatori della risposta infiammatoria, 2) gli estrogeni attenuano l’infiammazione inibendo Notch e 3) bacche fermentate hanno proprietà antiossidanti nelle cellule endoteliali, riducendo lo stress ossidativo tramite la diminuzione dell’eme ossigenasi-1. Questi risultati suggeriscono che l’inibizione di Notch e i composti bioattivi alimentari potrebbero offrire una protezione contro l'infiammazione e lo stress ossidativo indotti dal calore. Ho inoltre contribuito allo sviluppo di un metodo innovativo basato sulla risonanza plasmonica di superficie (SPR) per la rilevazione precoce della citochina infiammatoria interleuchina 6 (IL-6), offrendo un’alternativa rapida e accurata alle tecniche tradizionali (ELISA, qRT-PCR). Infine, ho esplorato il potenziale dell’empagliflozin (EMPA) nel ridurre i costi sanitari e le emissioni di gas serra. L’analisi della letteratura ha evidenziato che l’EMPA riduce le ospedalizzazioni nei pazienti diabetici e non diabetici con insufficienza cardiaca, diminuendo costi delle cure e impatto ambientale degli ospedali. Esperimenti su cardiomioblasti hanno mostrato che l’EMPA contrasta lo stress cellulare indotto dal glucosio e stimola Notch1, un recettore cardioprotettivo. La comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari attraverso i quali l’EMPA protegge dallo scompenso cardiaco può contribuire all’identificazione di pazienti che rispondono meglio al trattamento, con ulteriori vantaggi per la sostenibilità del sistema sanitario Questi risultati evidenziano la complessa relazione tra cambiamento climatico, infiammazione e sostenibilità del sistema sanitario. Integrando studi molecolari, percezioni pubbliche e innovazioni diagnostiche, questa ricerca fornisce strumenti per mitigare l’impatto del cambiamento climatico sulla salute umana e ridurre l’impronta ecologica del sistema sanitario.
Personalized and Innovative Strategies to Mitigate the Health Impacts of Climate Change on Fragile Individuals: Molecular Mechanisms, Public Awareness, and Sustainable Healthcare
OUAMBO TALLA, ACHILLE WILFRED
2025
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the prevalence and severity of many diseases through direct and indirect mechanisms. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and ecosystem imbalances contribute to cardiovascular diseases, heatstrokes, infectious diseases, malnutrition, and an increased risk of diabetes. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, post-menopausal women, children, and individuals with pre-existing conditions, are particularly affected, with a greater impact observed in low-income countries. My research project adopted a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the effects of climate change on health, focusing on the environmental sustainability of healthcare. I conducted a survey in Yaoundé, Cameroon (March- May 2024), which revealed a high level of public awareness (85% observed climate changes) but also significant health vulnerabilities (60% reported respiratory and heat-related disorders). Limited access to healthcare services and adaptation resources emerged as key barriers, while 45% of participants had adopted adaptation measures. The community supported government initiatives such as reforestation (80%) and adopting alternative energy sources (65%), indicating the need for targeted interventions. To identify new therapeutic targets for climate-influenced diseases, I demonstrated that 1) heat stress activates Notch receptors, which are important mediators of the inflammatory response, 2) estrogens attenuate inflammation by inhibiting Notch, and 3) fermented berries possess antioxidant properties in endothelial cells, reducing oxidative stress by decreasing heme oxygenase-1. These findings suggest that Notch inhibition and dietary bioactive compounds could offer protection against heat-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, I contributed to the development of an innovative method based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the early detection of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), providing a rapid and accurate alternative to traditional techniques (ELISA, qRT-PCR). Finally, I explored the potential of empagliflozin (EMPA) in reducing healthcare costs and greenhouse gas emissions. A literature review highlighted that EMPA reduces hospitalizations in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with heart failure, thereby lowering healthcare costs and the environmental impact of hospitals. Experiments on cardiomyoblasts showed that EMPA counteracts glucose-induced cellular stress and stimulates Notch1, a cardioprotective receptor. Understanding the molecular mechanisms through which EMPA protects against heart failure could help identify patients who respond best to treatment, offering further benefits for the sustainability of the healthcare system. These results underscore the complex relationship between climate change, inflammation, and healthcare system sustainability. By integrating molecular studies, public perceptions, and diagnostic innovations, this research provides tools to mitigate the impact of climate change on human health and reduce the healthcare system's ecological footprint.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Ouambo_Thesis_Climate_Change_and_Health.pdf
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Descrizione: Personalized and Innovative Strategies to Mitigate the Health Impacts of Climate Change on Fragile Individuals: Molecular Mechanisms, Public Awareness, and Sustainable Healthcare
Tipologia:
Tesi di dottorato
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Creative commons
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4.69 MB
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Adobe PDF
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