Physical inactivity represents a significant global public health challenge, contributing to the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mental health disorders. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary and community-based interventions (CBI) to foster active lifestyles and counteract sedentary behaviors. Despite the well-documented benefits of regular physical activity (PA), over 67% of Italians report being physically inactive, with older adults particularly affected. The barriers to PA are multifaceted, including socioeconomic, environmental, and psychological factors, underscoring the necessity of integrated strategies to address this issue. This doctoral research explores the potential of community-based interventions (CBIs) to promote physical activity in Italy, with a specific focus on the innovative “MuoviCOMUNE” project (MC). The thesis examines existing literature on PA promotion strategies, identifying key facilitators and barriers. Healthcare-based, faith-based, and community-centered approaches are critically analyzed, providing a foundation for the research. Despite their promising role, an ad-hoc scoping review carried out for this thesis have highlighted that community-based approach are currently underutilized in Italy underscoring the need for research in this area. The need for an interdisciplinary collaboration in exercise science is also discussed, highlighting the limitations of traditional social-cognitive theories in explaining PA behaviors. Emerging affective constructs, such as “attraction towards exercise,” are discussed as complementary to cognitive predictors, paving the way for a more nuanced understanding of the motivational factors driving PA engagement. The central contribution of the thesis lies in the evaluation of the MC project—a novel community-based initiative aimed at promoting walking as a sustainable and inclusive form of exercise. The project leverages existing urban spaces to create a network of pedestrian routes, featuring fixed “stations” and gamified elements to encourage participation. Unlike traditional exercise programs, MC projects can fosters self-directed activity and can emphasizes social cohesion, with participants engaging in group walks. The project’s design reflects a zero-cost, zero-impact philosophy, prioritizing accessibility and scalability across diverse communities. A retrospective study involving 154 participants evaluated the effectiveness of the MC project. Key outcomes included a significant increase in walking speed (0.386 km/h) and moderate physical activity levels (5.4 MET-h/week), with particularly notable improvements among previously inactive individuals. The findings underscore the efficacy of community-based interventions in addressing physical inactivity, while also highlighting the critical role of affective and social factors. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that “attraction towards exercise” accounted for an additional 7% variance in PA behaviors beyond traditional cognitive predictors, supporting its inclusion in theoretical frameworks. Moreover, the study revealed that group dynamics, including leader behavior and social cohesion, moderated the relationship between attraction and PA outcomes, emphasizing the importance of fostering supportive social environments. The thesis supported interdisciplinary approaches to PA promotion, integrating insights from psychology, urban planning, and public health. It advocates for the development of scalable, community-based models that prioritize accessibility and emotional engagement. The MC project exemplifies such an approach, offering a replicable framework to combat physical inactivity and enhance population well-being.

L'inattività fisica rappresenta una sfida significativa per la salute pubblica globale, contribuendo alla diffusione delle malattie non trasmissibili (NCDs) come le malattie cardiovascolari, il diabete e i disturbi della salute mentale. Il Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 dell’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) sottolinea la necessità di interventi interdisciplinari e basati sulla comunità (CBI) per promuovere stili di vita attivi e contrastare i comportamenti sedentari. Nonostante i benefici ampiamente documentati dell’attività fisica (AF), oltre il 67% degli italiani dichiara di essere fisicamente inattivo, con un impatto particolarmente elevato sugli adulti più anziani. Le barriere allo svolgimento di AF sono molteplici e comprendono fattori socioeconomici, ambientali e psicologici, evidenziando la necessità di strategie integrate per affrontare questa problematica. Questa tesi di dottorato esplora il potenziale degli interventi basati sulla comunità (CBI) per promuovere l'attività fisica in Italia, con un focus specifico sull’innovativo progetto “MuoviCOMUNE” (MC). La tesi esamina la letteratura esistente sulle strategie di promozione dell'AF, identificando i principali facilitatori e le barriere riportate. Vengono analizzati criticamente approcci basati sul sistema sanitario, sulle istituzioni religiose e sui contesti comunitari, fornendo una base per la successiva ricerca sperimentale. Nonostante il loro ruolo promettente, una scoping review condotta nell’ambito di questa tesi ha evidenziato come gli approcci basati sulla comunità siano attualmente sottoutilizzati in Italia, sottolineando la necessità di ulteriori studi in questo ambito. Viene inoltre discusso il bisogno di una collaborazione interdisciplinare nelle scienze dell'esercizio, mettendo in luce le limitazioni delle teorie socio-cognitive tradizionali nello spiegare i comportamenti legati alla PA. Concetti affettivi emergenti, come l’“attrazione verso l'esercizio”, vengono analizzati come complementari ai predittori cognitivi, aprendo la strada a una comprensione più sfumata dei fattori motivazionali che guidano l’adesione all’attività fisica. Il contributo centrale della tesi risiede nella valutazione del progetto MC, un’iniziativa innovativa basata sulla comunità, finalizzata alla promozione della camminata come forma di esercizio sostenibile e inclusiva. Il progetto sfrutta gli spazi urbani esistenti per creare una rete di percorsi pedonali con “stazioni” fisse ed elementi gamificati per incentivare la partecipazione. Il design del progetto riflette una filosofia a costo zero e a impatto zero, dando priorità all’accessibilità e alla scalabilità in diverse comunità. Uno studio retrospettivo su 154 partecipanti ha valutato l'efficacia del progetto MC. I principali risultati hanno mostrato un aumento significativo della velocità di camminata (+0,386 km/h) e dei livelli di attività fisica svolti ad intensità moderata (+5,4 MET-h/settimana), con miglioramenti particolarmente evidenti tra gli individui precedentemente inattivi. I risultati sottolineano l'efficacia del progetto MC nel contrastare l'inattività fisica. L' analisi dei determinanti psicologici ha dimostrato che l’“attrazione verso l’esercizio” spiega un ulteriore varianza aggiuntiva nella pratica AF oltre a predittori puramente cognitivi. Inoltre, lo studio ha rivelato che le dinamiche di gruppo, inclusi il comportamento del leader e la coesione sociale, moderavano la relazione tra attrazione e AF, enfatizzando l'importanza di ambienti sociali di supporto. La tesi sostiene approcci interdisciplinari alla promozione della AF, integrando prospettive provenienti dalla psicologia, dalla pianificazione urbana e dalla salute pubblica, auspicando lo sviluppo di modelli scalabili e basati sulla comunità.

The “Urban-Walking Metro”: an innovative tool to face inactivity and facilitate urban mobility

PIVA, TOMMASO
2025

Abstract

Physical inactivity represents a significant global public health challenge, contributing to the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and mental health disorders. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030 emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary and community-based interventions (CBI) to foster active lifestyles and counteract sedentary behaviors. Despite the well-documented benefits of regular physical activity (PA), over 67% of Italians report being physically inactive, with older adults particularly affected. The barriers to PA are multifaceted, including socioeconomic, environmental, and psychological factors, underscoring the necessity of integrated strategies to address this issue. This doctoral research explores the potential of community-based interventions (CBIs) to promote physical activity in Italy, with a specific focus on the innovative “MuoviCOMUNE” project (MC). The thesis examines existing literature on PA promotion strategies, identifying key facilitators and barriers. Healthcare-based, faith-based, and community-centered approaches are critically analyzed, providing a foundation for the research. Despite their promising role, an ad-hoc scoping review carried out for this thesis have highlighted that community-based approach are currently underutilized in Italy underscoring the need for research in this area. The need for an interdisciplinary collaboration in exercise science is also discussed, highlighting the limitations of traditional social-cognitive theories in explaining PA behaviors. Emerging affective constructs, such as “attraction towards exercise,” are discussed as complementary to cognitive predictors, paving the way for a more nuanced understanding of the motivational factors driving PA engagement. The central contribution of the thesis lies in the evaluation of the MC project—a novel community-based initiative aimed at promoting walking as a sustainable and inclusive form of exercise. The project leverages existing urban spaces to create a network of pedestrian routes, featuring fixed “stations” and gamified elements to encourage participation. Unlike traditional exercise programs, MC projects can fosters self-directed activity and can emphasizes social cohesion, with participants engaging in group walks. The project’s design reflects a zero-cost, zero-impact philosophy, prioritizing accessibility and scalability across diverse communities. A retrospective study involving 154 participants evaluated the effectiveness of the MC project. Key outcomes included a significant increase in walking speed (0.386 km/h) and moderate physical activity levels (5.4 MET-h/week), with particularly notable improvements among previously inactive individuals. The findings underscore the efficacy of community-based interventions in addressing physical inactivity, while also highlighting the critical role of affective and social factors. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that “attraction towards exercise” accounted for an additional 7% variance in PA behaviors beyond traditional cognitive predictors, supporting its inclusion in theoretical frameworks. Moreover, the study revealed that group dynamics, including leader behavior and social cohesion, moderated the relationship between attraction and PA outcomes, emphasizing the importance of fostering supportive social environments. The thesis supported interdisciplinary approaches to PA promotion, integrating insights from psychology, urban planning, and public health. It advocates for the development of scalable, community-based models that prioritize accessibility and emotional engagement. The MC project exemplifies such an approach, offering a replicable framework to combat physical inactivity and enhance population well-being.
MANDINI, Simona
MAZZONI, Gianni
VISINTIN, Emilio Paolo
SPINOZZI, Paola
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Descrizione: Tesi Tommaso Piva
Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2584694
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