Since the beginning of the century there has been a growing interest of government authorities in environmental sustainability, encouraging processes and industries toward a green transition. In this context the twelve principles of Green Chemistry have been widely adopted in different areas of chemistry, for instance in the pharmaceutical industries, especially for the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. The term biopharmaceuticals include all the molecules with biological activity deriving from natural complex matrix or synthetized by biotechnological technique. These biomolecules have become pivotal therapeutic agents, offering high specificity towards target molecules and having reduced side effects compared to traditional drugs. Nevertheless, since none of the methods for producing these molecules leads exclusively to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, significant challenges emerge in their purification, as they must meet the strict purity requirements imposed by regulatory agencies to be commercialized. Regarding the purification step (Downstream Process) as of today the technique of choice relays on single column preparative liquid chromatography, due to its versatility and flexibility; besides most of these methods are robust and already approved by the various regulatory authorities. However, preparative chromatography presents several drawbacks, for instance it is one of the most intensive techniques in terms of time and energy and solvent consumption. Moreover, most of the applications are carried out under reversed phase condition, where a mixture of aqueous and an organic modifier are used as a mobile phase in gradient elution. In this regard, the most widely used organic modifier for these applications is acetonitrile, due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. However, this solvent is classified as toxic and therefore there is a continuous search for the use of greener solvents such as alcohols. On the other side, another approach which is being followed is the development of more productive and automatized techniques. Indeed, an additional negative aspect of preparative chromatography operating in batch condition is the fact that it leads to a yield-purity trade off, it is therefore impossible to obtain at the same time a product that meets the purity levels imposed at a high yield, requiring the use of multiple purification steps. Hence, there is a great interest in the development of greener continuous chromatographic techniques, both for the production and purification step, to reduce the manufacturing cost while increasing the sustainability of the entire process. This thesis highlights the employment of multicolumn continuous chromatography combined with the use of green solvents for the purification of different biomolecules, comparing them to traditional single column methods while emphasizing the green and sustainable aspects of the process. In the first part of the work the Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvet Gradeint Purification (MCSGP) was applied for enhancing the purification of crocin-I from a saffron extract using ethanol as organic modifier. A second study regarded the use of Recycling Chromatography and the use of green solvents for the depletion of (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a Cannabis extract. Also, The Integrated Batch process has been tested for the purification of oligonucleotides, with this technique is possible to combine two orthogonal chromatographic methods in order to removed different kinds of impurities while increasing all the performance parameters.

Dall’inizio del secolo c’è stato un crescente interesse da parte delle autorità governative riguardo la sostenibilità ambientali, incoraggiando processi e industrie verso una green transition. A questo proposito i dodici principi della Green Chemistry sono stati ampiamente adottati in diverse aree della chimica, tra cui le aziende farmaceutiche in particolare per la produzione di biofarmaci. Con il termine biofarmaci si intendono tutte quelle molecole con attività biologica derivanti da matrici naturali complesse o sintetizzate con tecniche biotecnologiche. Queste biomolecole sono diventati agenti terapeutici fondamentali, offrendo un’elevata specificità verso molecole target causando anche minor effetti collaterali rispetto ai farmaci tradizionali. Ciononostante, poiché nessuno dei metodi utilizzati per la produzione di queste molecole porta esclusivamente alla formulazione del principio attivo, la loro purificazione presenta problemi significativi in quanto devono soddisfare elevati livelli di purezza imposti dalle agenzie regolatorie. Per quanto riguarda lo step di purificazione, o processo di Downstream, ad oggi la tecnica più utilizzata è la cromatografia liquida preparativa a singola colonna (o in batch) grazie alla sua versatilità e flessibilità. Inoltre, molti dei metodi sono già approvati dalle diverse autorità regolatorie. Tuttavia, la cromatografia preparativa presenta diversi svantaggi, come ad esempio il fatto che è una delle tecniche a più alto consumo in termini di tempo, energia e solvente. In più, la maggior parte delle applicazioni utilizza la cromatografia liquida a fase inversa, dove le fasi mobili utilizzate sono una miscela di una soluzione acquosa e un modificatore organico. A questo proposito, il modificatore organico più utilizzato è l’acetonitrile grazie alle sue ottime proprietà chimico fisiche. Tuttavia, questo solvente viene classificato come tossico e dunque c’è una continua ricerca per l’utilizzo di solventi organici più sostenibili, come ad esempio gli alcoli. Dall’altra parte per rendere più green il processo di Downstream è possibile utilizzare processi più produttivi e automatizzati. A questo proposito, un ulteriore aspetto negativo della cromatografia preparativa a singola colonna è il tradeoff resa-purezza, è infatti impossibile ottenere allo stesso tempo un prodotto che rispetti gli standard di purezza imposti ad alte rese, questo richiede infatti più step di purificazione. È quindi di grande interesse lo sviluppo di tecniche in continuo, sia per la produzione che per la purificazione, in modo a ridurre i costi di manifattura incrementando l’intera sostenibilità del processo. In questa tesi viene evidenziato l’impiego di tecniche in continuo multicolonna insieme all’impiego di soventi green, per la purificazione di diverse biomolecole andando poi a confrontare i risultati ottenuti con i processi tradizionali in batch facendo risaltare la sostenibilità dell’intero processo. Nella prima parte il processo Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification (MCSGP) è stato utilizzato per implementare la purificazione della crocina-I da un stratto di zafferano utilizzando etanolo come modificatore organico. Un secondo studio riguarda invece l’utilizzo della tecnica di Recycling Chromatography e l’utilizzo di solventi green per la rimozione del (-)-Δ9-tetraidrocannabinolo (THC) in un estratto di Cannabis. Infine, il processo Integrated Batch, che permette di combinare due tecniche ortogonali di purificazione, è stato testato per la purificazione di un oligonucleotide.

Process intensification for the production of bioactive molecules through multicolumn continuous chromatographic processes and the use of green solvents

NOSENGO, CHIARA
2025

Abstract

Since the beginning of the century there has been a growing interest of government authorities in environmental sustainability, encouraging processes and industries toward a green transition. In this context the twelve principles of Green Chemistry have been widely adopted in different areas of chemistry, for instance in the pharmaceutical industries, especially for the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. The term biopharmaceuticals include all the molecules with biological activity deriving from natural complex matrix or synthetized by biotechnological technique. These biomolecules have become pivotal therapeutic agents, offering high specificity towards target molecules and having reduced side effects compared to traditional drugs. Nevertheless, since none of the methods for producing these molecules leads exclusively to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, significant challenges emerge in their purification, as they must meet the strict purity requirements imposed by regulatory agencies to be commercialized. Regarding the purification step (Downstream Process) as of today the technique of choice relays on single column preparative liquid chromatography, due to its versatility and flexibility; besides most of these methods are robust and already approved by the various regulatory authorities. However, preparative chromatography presents several drawbacks, for instance it is one of the most intensive techniques in terms of time and energy and solvent consumption. Moreover, most of the applications are carried out under reversed phase condition, where a mixture of aqueous and an organic modifier are used as a mobile phase in gradient elution. In this regard, the most widely used organic modifier for these applications is acetonitrile, due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. However, this solvent is classified as toxic and therefore there is a continuous search for the use of greener solvents such as alcohols. On the other side, another approach which is being followed is the development of more productive and automatized techniques. Indeed, an additional negative aspect of preparative chromatography operating in batch condition is the fact that it leads to a yield-purity trade off, it is therefore impossible to obtain at the same time a product that meets the purity levels imposed at a high yield, requiring the use of multiple purification steps. Hence, there is a great interest in the development of greener continuous chromatographic techniques, both for the production and purification step, to reduce the manufacturing cost while increasing the sustainability of the entire process. This thesis highlights the employment of multicolumn continuous chromatography combined with the use of green solvents for the purification of different biomolecules, comparing them to traditional single column methods while emphasizing the green and sustainable aspects of the process. In the first part of the work the Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvet Gradeint Purification (MCSGP) was applied for enhancing the purification of crocin-I from a saffron extract using ethanol as organic modifier. A second study regarded the use of Recycling Chromatography and the use of green solvents for the depletion of (-)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a Cannabis extract. Also, The Integrated Batch process has been tested for the purification of oligonucleotides, with this technique is possible to combine two orthogonal chromatographic methods in order to removed different kinds of impurities while increasing all the performance parameters.
DE LUCA, Chiara
CAVAZZINI, Alberto
MASSI, Alessandro
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2584094
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