Esta tese objetiva investigar a defesa da noção de transcendental na Apresentação da Doutrina da ciência (1801/02) à luz das críticas endereçadas a essa forma de filosofar. Para realizar essa tarefa, levamos a cabo uma extensa reconstrução historiográfica das circunstâncias em torno da elaboração dessa versão da Doutrina da ciência. No primeiro e segundo capítulo, analisamos as primeiras críticas levantadas pelos ouvintes de Fichte em Jena contra o seu sistema, especialmente aquelas concernentes a um certo vazio nesta, resultante do processo especulativo (abstração/reflexão) que reside no começo da Wissenschaftslehre. Então, no terceiro e quarto capítulo, nos focamos nas alternativas especulativas que emergiram enquanto tentativas de resolver as deficiências da Doutrina da Ciência e seu proceder abstrato. Defendemos que a filosofia de F.W.J Schelling e C.G Bardili representam as mais importantes empreitadas desse tipo na transição do século dezoito para o dezenove. Schelling com a sua filosofia da natureza e sua filosofia da identidade, e Bardili com seu realismo lógico. Schelling primeiro tentou conceber uma completação da filosofia transcendental sugerindo seu paralelo, a filosofia da natureza. Depois, tentou apresentar um todo imanente onde subjetivo e objetivo teriam uma identidade qualitativa sob o conceito de razão - seu absoluto. Em resumo, ambas as suas filosofias tentaram superar o problema do excedente deixado para trás pelo processo abstrativo. Por seu turno, os escritos de Bardili mostraram uma tentativa de escapar da determinação da consciência pela experiência para alcançar uma pura imanência chamada pensar enquanto pensar, a qual aparece enquanto outra compreensão do que é o absoluto. De acordo com Fichte, ambas as alternativas negligenciam os princípios transcendentais estabelecidos anos antes pelas Críticas de Kant, e assim sendo, carecem daquela autoevidência que ele alcançou através do processo especulativo. No quinto capítulo, nós finalmente exibimos um estudo detalhado do desenvolvimento da Apresentação da Doutrina da ciência 1801/02, ligando o procedimento de Fichte nesse texto com as críticas que ele estava confrontando, destacando-se entre elas a noção de absoluto que havia recentemente aparecido. Nós defendemos que Fichte manteve sua convicção nos princípios transcendentais intactos apesar das novidades filosóficas daquele período. Mais do que isso, ele ainda apresentou sua própria noção de absoluto, reenquadrando a questão no interior dos limites da filosofia transcendental. Mais precisamente, ele concebeu o absoluto através do que nós chamamos de paralaxe transcendental, a nevrálgica lacuna entre o real e o ideal. Desta maneira, ele entendeu esse conceito enquanto uma progressão infinita na síntese da capacidade racional e o mundo: uma inatingível completude, uma tarefa infinita como resultado daquela paralaxe.

This thesis aims to investigate the defense of the notion of the transcendental in J.G. Fichte's Presentation of the Science of Knowledge (1801/02) in light of the critiques addressed to this kind of philosophizing. To accomplish this task, we carried out an extensive historiographical reconstruction of the circumstances surrounding the elaboration of this version of the Science of Knowledge. In the first and second chapters, we analyzed the early critiques raised by Fichte's listeners in Jena against his system, especially those concerning a certain emptiness in it as the result of the speculative process (abstraction/reflection) that lies at the beginning of the Wissenschaftslehre. Then, in the third and fourth chapters, we focused on the speculative alternatives that emerged as attempts to solve the shortcomings of the Science of Knowledge and its abstract procedure. We argued that the philosophies of F.W.J. Schelling and C.G. Bardili represent the most important endeavors of this kind in the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. Schelling, with his Philosophy of Nature and his Philosophy of Identity, and Bardili with his Logical Realism. Schelling, first tried to conceive a completion of transcendental philosophy by suggesting its parallel, the philosophy of nature. Later, he attempted to present an immanent whole where the subjective and objective would have a qualitative identity under the concept of reason—his absolute. In short, both of his philosophies tried to overcome the problem of the surplus left behind by the abstractive process. In turn, Bardili’s writings showed an attempt to escape from the determination of consciousness by experience to reach a pure immanence called thinking as thinking, which appeared as another understanding of what is the absolute. According to Fichte, both attempts neglected the transcendental principles established years earlier by I. Kant’s Critiques, thus they lack that self-evidence he achieved through the speculative process. In the fifth chapter, we finally exhibited a detailed study on the development of the Presentation of the Science of Knowledge 1801/02, linking Fichte’s procedure in this text with the critiques he was confronting, standing out among them the notion of the absolute that had recently appeared. We defend that Fichte kept his conviction in transcendental principles intact despite the philosophical novelties of that time. More than that, he even presented his own notion of the absolute, reframing the question within the boundaries of transcendental philosophy. More precisely, he conceived the absolute through what we call the transcendental parallax, the pivotal gap between the real and the ideal. Thereby, he understood this concept as an infinite progression in the synthesis of rational capacity and the world: an unattainable completeness, an infinite task as the outcome of that parallax.

Um princípio vivo. A defesa do estatuto transcendental por J.G Fichte

2024

Abstract

This thesis aims to investigate the defense of the notion of the transcendental in J.G. Fichte's Presentation of the Science of Knowledge (1801/02) in light of the critiques addressed to this kind of philosophizing. To accomplish this task, we carried out an extensive historiographical reconstruction of the circumstances surrounding the elaboration of this version of the Science of Knowledge. In the first and second chapters, we analyzed the early critiques raised by Fichte's listeners in Jena against his system, especially those concerning a certain emptiness in it as the result of the speculative process (abstraction/reflection) that lies at the beginning of the Wissenschaftslehre. Then, in the third and fourth chapters, we focused on the speculative alternatives that emerged as attempts to solve the shortcomings of the Science of Knowledge and its abstract procedure. We argued that the philosophies of F.W.J. Schelling and C.G. Bardili represent the most important endeavors of this kind in the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. Schelling, with his Philosophy of Nature and his Philosophy of Identity, and Bardili with his Logical Realism. Schelling, first tried to conceive a completion of transcendental philosophy by suggesting its parallel, the philosophy of nature. Later, he attempted to present an immanent whole where the subjective and objective would have a qualitative identity under the concept of reason—his absolute. In short, both of his philosophies tried to overcome the problem of the surplus left behind by the abstractive process. In turn, Bardili’s writings showed an attempt to escape from the determination of consciousness by experience to reach a pure immanence called thinking as thinking, which appeared as another understanding of what is the absolute. According to Fichte, both attempts neglected the transcendental principles established years earlier by I. Kant’s Critiques, thus they lack that self-evidence he achieved through the speculative process. In the fifth chapter, we finally exhibited a detailed study on the development of the Presentation of the Science of Knowledge 1801/02, linking Fichte’s procedure in this text with the critiques he was confronting, standing out among them the notion of the absolute that had recently appeared. We defend that Fichte kept his conviction in transcendental principles intact despite the philosophical novelties of that time. More than that, he even presented his own notion of the absolute, reframing the question within the boundaries of transcendental philosophy. More precisely, he conceived the absolute through what we call the transcendental parallax, the pivotal gap between the real and the ideal. Thereby, he understood this concept as an infinite progression in the synthesis of rational capacity and the world: an unattainable completeness, an infinite task as the outcome of that parallax.
LANGER, DOUGLAS WILLIAM
D'ALFONSO, Matteo Vincenzo
TROVATO, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2577811
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