The thesis studies the influence of Schopenhauer’s philosophy on Wittgenstein’s thought. The aim of the work is to show that the influence is not accomplished in the appropriation of philosophical content but rather involves the ethical and aesthetic implications of the method and style of thinking targeting the perspicuous presentation of the results of its exercise. Thus, it engages Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy as an analytical activity of clarifying both language and self. The thesis consists of a prologue and three chapters. The first section outlines the theoretical framework of the study from an analysis of Klimt’s artistic elaboration of the metaphor of the Nuda Veritas and the allegories of Philosophy and Medicine. The historical trajectory marked by the point of no return of the Kantian transcendental philosophy sees attempts to react to the end of metaphysics and different articulations of the primacy of the practical. One of these directions shows the predilection of an aesthetic-contemplative attitude as early as in the case of Goethe to enhance the immediacy and presence of the vital non-rational element that like a shadow accompanies the exercise of thought. The first chapter addresses a historical insight into the cultural scene of finis Austriae on which the prologue cast an initial glimpse. These pages immerse themselves in the atmospheres of a period of crisis of values and decline of a world-order based on rationalism and optimism that with the First World War finally vanished. The direct encounter between the young Wittgenstein and The World as Will and Representation is an example of how in these spaces and times Schopenhauer’s philosophy experienced the season of its greatest circulation especially in non-academic environments. The pervasiveness of Schopenhauerian motives interacting with the “aesthetic vocation” that, according to Zweig, characterizes the Viennese identity makes it indispensable to consider this cultural-historical scenario not only to more widely illuminate the Schopenhauerian influence, but, in a more general way, to approach the eclectic work and complex personality of Wittgenstein, exponent of the last generation of this Weltanschauung. The second chapter takes off from the essentially artistic character that, according to Mann, distinguishes Schopenhauer’s philosophy. The discussion pivots on the aesthetic approach that unites philosophy and art in the intuitive and contemplative dimension that inspires them, which is reflected in Schopenhauer’s organic conception of his own thought. Following the recurring image of the mirror, in which the methodological and formal approach of Schopenhauer’s critical dualism is exemplified, the emphasis will fall mainly on the meaning of the “immanent metaphysics” exhibited in the World as Will and Representation. The third chapter focuses on the Schopenhauerian “movement of thought” of which Wittgenstein – as he wrote in 1931 – appropriated to pursue his work of clarification. The point is made to show that the influence runs through the conception of organic thought in which the aesthetic perspective of Schopenhauer's philosophy takes shape. The study then dwells on the efforts that, on the line of continuity between the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the Philosophical Investigations, engage Wittgenstein in the development of tools, methods and compositional strategies that operate in the interweaving of an ethical-aesthetic practice. The latter, in fact, by departing from the sphere of linguistic practices and ordinary uses of words, drag the philosopher into metaphysical drifts that generate false problems and existential disquiet.
La tesi studia l’influsso della filosofia di Schopenhauer sul pensiero di Wittgenstein. L’obiettivo del lavoro è di mostrare che l’influenza non si realizza tanto nell’appropriazione di contenuti filosofici ma coinvolga piuttosto le implicazioni etiche ed estetiche del metodo e dello stile di pensiero che mira alla presentazione perspicua dei risultati trasformativi del suo esercizio. Essa coinvolge dunque la concezione wittgensteiniana della filosofia come attività analitica di chiarificazione del linguaggio e di sé. La tesi si compone di un prologo e tre capitoli. La prima sezione disegna la cornice teorica dello studio a partire dall’analisi della rielaborazione artistica della metafora della Nuda Veritas e delle allegorie di Filosofia e Medicina di Klimt. Il tracciato storico segnato dal punto di non ritorno della filosofia trascendentale kantiana vede un susseguirsi di tentativi di reazione alla fine della metafisica e l’avvicendarsi di diverse articolazioni del primato del pratico. Una di queste mostra la predilezione dell’attitudine estetico-contemplativa già nella figura di Goethe, la quale tende a valorizzare l’immediatezza e la presenza dell’elemento vitale non-razionale che accompagna come un’ombra l’esercizio del pensiero. Il primo capitolo è dedicato a un approfondimento storico della scena culturale della finis Austriae su cui il prologo ha gettato un primo sguardo. Queste pagine si immergono nelle atmosfere di un periodo di crisi dei valori e di decadenza di un ordine del mondo fondato sul razionalismo e sull’ottimismo che con il primo conflitto mondiale è definitivamente scomparso. L’incontro diretto tra il giovane Wittgenstein e il Mondo come volontà e rappresentazione è l’esempio di come in questi spazi e in questi tempi la filosofia di Schopenhauer abbia vissuto la stagione della sua massima diffusione soprattutto negli ambienti non accademici. La pervasività dei motivi schopenhaueriani che interagiscono con la “vocazione estetica” che secondo Zweig caratterizza l’identità viennese rende imprescindibile la considerazione di questa trama storico-culturale non solo per illuminare in modo più diffuso l’influsso schopenhaueriano, ma, più in generale, per accostarsi all’eclettico lavoro e alla complessa personalità di Wittgenstein, esponente dell’ultima generazione di questa Weltanschauung. Il secondo capitolo prende avvio dal carattere essenzialmente artistico che, secondo Mann, distingue la filosofia di Schopenhauer. La trattazione ruoterà attorno all’approccio estetico che unisce filosofia e arte nella dimensione intuitiva e contemplativa che le ispira, la quale si riflette sulla concezione organica che Schopenhauer ha del proprio pensiero. Seguendo la ricorrente immagine dello specchio, nella quale si esemplifica l’impostazione metodologica e formale del dualismo critico schopenhaueriano, l’accento cadrà soprattutto sul senso della “metafisica immanente” esposta nel Mondo come volontà e rappresentazione. Il terzo capitolo si concentra sul “movimento del pensiero” schopenhaueriano di cui Wittgenstein, come scrive nel 1931, s’è appropriato per condurre la sua opera di chiarificazione. Si intende dimostrare che l’influsso passa attraverso la concezione del pensiero organico nel quale prende forma la prospettiva estetica della filosofia di Schopenhauer. Lo studio si sofferma quindi sugli sforzi che, sulla linea di continuità tra Tractatus logico-philosophicus e Ricerche filosofiche, impegnano Wittgenstein nella messa a punto di strumenti, metodi e strategie compositive che operano nell’intreccio di una pratica etico-estetica che mira a riconoscere e a eliminare le abitudini del pensiero che fraintendono il linguaggio. Quest’ultime infatti allontanandosi dall’ambito delle prassi linguistiche e degli usi ordinari delle parole, trascinano il filosofo nelle derive metafisiche che generano falsi problemi e inquietudini esistenziali.
Lo Schopenhauer di Wittgenstein. Filosofia e storia di un’influenza sullo sfondo della "finis Austriae"
BECCARI, Beatrice
2024
Abstract
The thesis studies the influence of Schopenhauer’s philosophy on Wittgenstein’s thought. The aim of the work is to show that the influence is not accomplished in the appropriation of philosophical content but rather involves the ethical and aesthetic implications of the method and style of thinking targeting the perspicuous presentation of the results of its exercise. Thus, it engages Wittgenstein’s conception of philosophy as an analytical activity of clarifying both language and self. The thesis consists of a prologue and three chapters. The first section outlines the theoretical framework of the study from an analysis of Klimt’s artistic elaboration of the metaphor of the Nuda Veritas and the allegories of Philosophy and Medicine. The historical trajectory marked by the point of no return of the Kantian transcendental philosophy sees attempts to react to the end of metaphysics and different articulations of the primacy of the practical. One of these directions shows the predilection of an aesthetic-contemplative attitude as early as in the case of Goethe to enhance the immediacy and presence of the vital non-rational element that like a shadow accompanies the exercise of thought. The first chapter addresses a historical insight into the cultural scene of finis Austriae on which the prologue cast an initial glimpse. These pages immerse themselves in the atmospheres of a period of crisis of values and decline of a world-order based on rationalism and optimism that with the First World War finally vanished. The direct encounter between the young Wittgenstein and The World as Will and Representation is an example of how in these spaces and times Schopenhauer’s philosophy experienced the season of its greatest circulation especially in non-academic environments. The pervasiveness of Schopenhauerian motives interacting with the “aesthetic vocation” that, according to Zweig, characterizes the Viennese identity makes it indispensable to consider this cultural-historical scenario not only to more widely illuminate the Schopenhauerian influence, but, in a more general way, to approach the eclectic work and complex personality of Wittgenstein, exponent of the last generation of this Weltanschauung. The second chapter takes off from the essentially artistic character that, according to Mann, distinguishes Schopenhauer’s philosophy. The discussion pivots on the aesthetic approach that unites philosophy and art in the intuitive and contemplative dimension that inspires them, which is reflected in Schopenhauer’s organic conception of his own thought. Following the recurring image of the mirror, in which the methodological and formal approach of Schopenhauer’s critical dualism is exemplified, the emphasis will fall mainly on the meaning of the “immanent metaphysics” exhibited in the World as Will and Representation. The third chapter focuses on the Schopenhauerian “movement of thought” of which Wittgenstein – as he wrote in 1931 – appropriated to pursue his work of clarification. The point is made to show that the influence runs through the conception of organic thought in which the aesthetic perspective of Schopenhauer's philosophy takes shape. The study then dwells on the efforts that, on the line of continuity between the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and the Philosophical Investigations, engage Wittgenstein in the development of tools, methods and compositional strategies that operate in the interweaving of an ethical-aesthetic practice. The latter, in fact, by departing from the sphere of linguistic practices and ordinary uses of words, drag the philosopher into metaphysical drifts that generate false problems and existential disquiet.I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.