This research provides the necessary support, based on the scientific methodology to expose those crimes that are committed at sea, and more specifically on the high seas, considered the heritage of mankind. In the maritime sphere, crime must be considered with certain particularities, having crimes of universal jurisdiction -such as piracy or the transport of slaves, statelessness-, and others that are of obligatory repression by the States, according to International Law -such as drug trafficking, terrorism, organized crime, illegal migration and human trafficking, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, unlawful acts against the safety of navigation, illegal broadcasting-, leaving others as optional for the State of the vessel that will exercise the maritime police function -such as the case of crimes against the protection of the environment and biodiversity due to marine pollution, smuggling of goods, fuel, construction of non-permitted naval devices, maritime casualties, acts against the security of the Coastal State - but its action can only be carried out with the consent of its Flag State, except for actions for damages or compensation for violation or without proven cause. The powers of the State at sea, in the crime, merit observing multiple aspects, starting with the geographical area in which it is located, being the first analysis of jurisdiction and competence; the nationality of the alleged offender and of the vessel. These aspects have gray areas that are scarcely addressed. Thus, the exercise of sovereignty is considered as Flag State, Coastal State and Port State, with specifications according to the circumstances. Hence, it is essential to take into account the international sphere in order to confront the crime, as well as the domestic provisions, through adequate governance, aimed at obtaining the best mechanism to nullify this threat at sea. Ecuador is seeking to enter fully into the international order, embracing the corresponding standards. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize and enunciate the multiple aspects that international law presents, especially with regard to the lawful uses of the sea, as well as the crimes that occur in the high seas, a space of common use of the international community, and thus highlight the responsibilities of control, verification and oversight. The case of Galapagos and its special protection is analyzed according to its different protection considerations, highlighting the illegal acts that could affect it. With this, according to the sovereign legislative power, specify the judicial authority and the legitimate actions to protect their interests or the legal property to be protected, within the scope of specific jurisdiction and according to the powers granted by the International Law of the Sea. It is verified, those actions considered as self-defense, whether of personal, group, state or community order, the first two, included in the internal scope of criminal law as grounds for exclusion of unlawfulness and the last two as literally individual and collective self-defense in the relations between States, according to the Charter of the United Nations Organization.

La presente investigación provee el sustento necesario, basado en la metodología científica para exponer, aquellos ilícitos que se cometen en el mar, y más específicamente en la alta mar, considerada patrimonio de la humanidad. En el ámbito marítimo el delito debe ser considerado con ciertas particularidades, teniendo delitos de carácter o de jurisdicción universal -como la piratería o el transporte de esclavos, apatridia-, y otros que se constituyen de reprensión obligatoria por los Estados, acorde al Derecho Internacional –como el narcotráfico, terrorismo, delincuencia organizada, migración ilegal y trata de personas. pesca ilegal no declarada y no reglamentada, actos ilícitos contra la seguridad de la navegación, trasmisiones no autorizadas- dejando otros como potestativos del Estado del buque que ejercerá la función de policía marítima -como el caso de los delitos contra la protección del ambiente y biodiversidad por contaminación marina, contrabando de mercaderías, combustible, construcción de artefactos navales no permitidos, siniestros marítimos, actos que atenten contra la seguridad del Estado Ribereño- pero su actuación se puede efectuar solo con el consentimiento de su Estado de Bandera, salvo acciones de resarcimiento de daños o indemnización por violación o sin causa probada. Las potestades del Estado en la mar, en el delito, amerita observar múltiples aspectos, empezando por el área geográfica en que se encuentra, siendo el primer análisis de jurisdicción y competencia; la nacionalidad del presunto infractor y del buque. Estos aspectos tienen zonas grises escasamente abordadas. Así, se considera el ejercicio de la soberanía contemplándose como Estado de Bandera, Estado Ribereño y Estado Rector de Puerto, con especificaciones acorde a las circunstancias. De aquí que se vuelve imprescindible relevar el ámbito internacional para enfrentar al delito, así como las disposiciones domésticas, mediante una adecuada gobernanza, orientada a la obtención del mejor mecanismo para anular esta amenaza en el mar. Ecuador está buscando adentrarse plenamente en el ordenamiento internacional, acogiendo los estándares correspondientes. Por lo cual, es necesario subrayar y enunciar los múltiples aspectos que el Derecho Internacional presenta, más aún en cuanto a los usos lícitos del mar, así como los delitos que se presentan en la alta mar, espacio de uso común de la Comunidad Internacional y así, resaltar las responsabilidades de control, verificación y supervigilancia. El caso de Galápagos y su resguardo especial, es analizado acorde a sus distintas consideraciones de protección, debe resaltarse los actos ilícitos que podrían generarle afectaciones. Con esto, acorde a la potestad legislativa soberana, especificar la autoridad judicial y las acciones legítimas en precautelación de sus intereses o del bien jurídico a proteger, dentro el ámbito de jurisdicción específico y acorde a las potestades que faculta el Derecho Internacional del Mar. Se verifica, aquellas acciones consideradas como legítima defensa, tanto de orden personal, grupal, estatal o comunitario, las dos primeras, incluidas en el ámbito interno del derecho penal como causales de exclusión de antijuridicidad y las dos últimas como literalmente legítima defensa individual y colectiva en las relaciones entre Estados, acorde a la Carta constitutiva de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas.

OBLIGACIONES INTERNACIONALES RELATIVAS A LA CRIMINALIDAD EN EL MAR Y LA ACTUACIÓN DEL ECUADOR

ZUMARRAGA AGUINAGA, Jose' Pontony
2023

Abstract

This research provides the necessary support, based on the scientific methodology to expose those crimes that are committed at sea, and more specifically on the high seas, considered the heritage of mankind. In the maritime sphere, crime must be considered with certain particularities, having crimes of universal jurisdiction -such as piracy or the transport of slaves, statelessness-, and others that are of obligatory repression by the States, according to International Law -such as drug trafficking, terrorism, organized crime, illegal migration and human trafficking, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, unlawful acts against the safety of navigation, illegal broadcasting-, leaving others as optional for the State of the vessel that will exercise the maritime police function -such as the case of crimes against the protection of the environment and biodiversity due to marine pollution, smuggling of goods, fuel, construction of non-permitted naval devices, maritime casualties, acts against the security of the Coastal State - but its action can only be carried out with the consent of its Flag State, except for actions for damages or compensation for violation or without proven cause. The powers of the State at sea, in the crime, merit observing multiple aspects, starting with the geographical area in which it is located, being the first analysis of jurisdiction and competence; the nationality of the alleged offender and of the vessel. These aspects have gray areas that are scarcely addressed. Thus, the exercise of sovereignty is considered as Flag State, Coastal State and Port State, with specifications according to the circumstances. Hence, it is essential to take into account the international sphere in order to confront the crime, as well as the domestic provisions, through adequate governance, aimed at obtaining the best mechanism to nullify this threat at sea. Ecuador is seeking to enter fully into the international order, embracing the corresponding standards. For this reason, it is necessary to emphasize and enunciate the multiple aspects that international law presents, especially with regard to the lawful uses of the sea, as well as the crimes that occur in the high seas, a space of common use of the international community, and thus highlight the responsibilities of control, verification and oversight. The case of Galapagos and its special protection is analyzed according to its different protection considerations, highlighting the illegal acts that could affect it. With this, according to the sovereign legislative power, specify the judicial authority and the legitimate actions to protect their interests or the legal property to be protected, within the scope of specific jurisdiction and according to the powers granted by the International Law of the Sea. It is verified, those actions considered as self-defense, whether of personal, group, state or community order, the first two, included in the internal scope of criminal law as grounds for exclusion of unlawfulness and the last two as literally individual and collective self-defense in the relations between States, according to the Charter of the United Nations Organization.
FORLATI, Serena
GREGGI, Marco
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Descrizione: OBLIGACIONES INTERNACIONALES RELATIVAS A LA CRIMINALIDAD EN EL MAR Y LA ACTUACIÓN DEL ECUADOR
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2509730
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