INTRODUCTION: Despite mostly considered a preventable disease, cervical cancer after breast cancer, is the second most common cancer among women around the world and the leading women‟s cancer in the developing countries. Cervical cancer is a unique kind of cancer in human being because of having a long incubation period and the fact that we know its main cause (HPV) so the cancer can be prevented. In order to identify high risk patients, have a suitable and rapid action and also to reduce some medical expenses the present study was conducted based on two objectives: 1) Developing a risk factors assessment tool for the cytological changes towards cervical cancer in pap test, 2) To compare the risk factors and clinical manifestations in women with and without atypical cytological findings in Pap test and develop the regression model of its determinants in Iran. METHODS: According to the aims this study was performed in 2 phases. 1) A methodological study to develop the research tool, 2) A case-control study with a total of 201 subjects chosing by convenience method who were eligible according to the research criteria. The subjects were assigned in two groups: 51 women in case group with, and 150 women in control group without atypical cytological findings in their Pap test. Research environment were clinics of gynecology and oncology affiliated with the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. For data analysis we used Mean, Standard Deviation, Chi-Square Test, Odds Ratio and Logistic Regression Models. RESULTS: Result for the first Phase of the research led to create a tool entitled: “A risk factors assessment tool for the cytological changes towards cervical cancer in the Pap test”. It is a standardized questionnaire (CVR=94.39, CVI=96.01) with 50 questions which can be used by other researchers in their related projects and also by the midwives and physicians in face with their patients. This is a unique tool and has two subscales including risk factors and clinical manifestations. Results for The second phase of this research are provided in 14 tables. According to the logistic regression in this study the age (p>0.05, OR= 1.08), age at the menarche (p>0.05, OR=0.75), number of deliveries (p>0.05, OR=1.44), BMI (p>0.05, OR=2.598) and the use of protection (condom) (p>0.05, OR=0.023) are determinants for 6 cytological findings in Pap test. Having unhealthy cervix (including: Chronic cervicitis, Erosion/ Laceration, and Hypertrophied cervix) in case group was significantly higher than that of control group (X2= 47.166, df=1, P< .001). Most of the subjects in case group had done the current pap test due to a medical prescription while in control group it was performed as a routine check up and Chi-Square test showed that there is a significant difference between two groups related to this variable (p< .001). Painful sex, Low abdominal pain, Pelvic pain and Low back pain are the clinical manifestations that in case group were significantly higher than that of control group (P<.001). CONCLUSION: We strongly recommend this risk factors assessment tool to be considered and applied in all the clinics that are open to women because of the gynecological problems. It can help the physicians to predict the patients' health situation in order to have a suitable and quick action. To save most lives, both prevention and early detection should be covered totally by public health insurance especially in low income people. Available facilities should be entirely used to enhance women‟s knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer, risk factors, and also about its main cause: HPV. Women‟s health care professionals, media, press and any printed matters can have an operational and effective role about it.

INTRODUZIONE: Nonostante lo più considerata una malattia prevenibile, il cancro cervicale dopo il cancro al seno, è il secondo tumore più comune tra le donne di tutto il mondo e il cancro delle donne leader nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Il cancro cervicale è un unico tipo di cancro negli esseri umani a causa di avere un lungo periodo di incubazione e il fatto che conosciamo la causa principale (HPV), in modo che il cancro può essere prevenuto. Al fine di identificare i pazienti ad alto rischio, hanno un'azione adeguata e rapida e anche per ridurre alcune spese mediche del presente studio è stato condotto sulla base di due obiettivi: 1) Lo sviluppo di uno strumento di valutazione dei fattori di rischio per i cambiamenti citologici verso il cancro cervicale nel pap test , 2) Per confrontare i fattori di rischio e manifestazioni cliniche nelle donne con e senza risultati citologici atipici in Pap test e sviluppare il modello di regressione delle sue determinanti in Iran. METODI: Secondo gli scopi di questo studio è stato eseguito in 2 fasi. 1) uno studio metodologico per sviluppare lo strumento di ricerca, 2) uno studio caso-controllo con un totale di 201 soggetti chosing dal metodo comodo che erano ammissibili in base ai criteri di ricerca. I soggetti sono stati assegnati in due gruppi: 51 donne nel gruppo di caso con, e 150 donne nel gruppo di controllo senza risultati citologici atipiche nel loro Pap test. ambiente di ricerca sono stati ambulatori di ginecologia e oncologia affiliati con l'Università di Scienze Mediche Hamadan, Hamadan, in Iran. Per l'analisi dei dati abbiamo usato media, la deviazione standard, test chi-quadro, odds ratio e di regressione logistica modelli. RISULTATI: Risultato per la prima fase della ricerca ha portato a creare uno strumento dal titolo: "Uno strumento di valutazione dei fattori di rischio per i cambiamenti citologici verso il cancro cervicale nel Pap test". Si tratta di un questionario standardizzato (CVR = 94.39, CVI = 96.01) con 50 domande che possono essere utilizzati da altri ricercatori nei loro progetti correlati e anche dalle ostetriche e medici a faccia con i loro pazienti. Questo è uno strumento unico e ha due sottoscale tra fattori di rischio e manifestazioni cliniche. Risultati per la seconda fase di questa ricerca sono forniti in 14 tavoli. Secondo la regressione logistica in 8 questo studio l'età (p> 0.05, OR = 1.08), età al menarca (p> 0.05, OR = 0.75), numero di consegne (p> 0.05, OR = 1.44), indice di massa corporea (p > 0.05, OR = 2.598) e l'uso di protezione (preservativo) (p> 0.05, OR = 0.023) sono determinanti per i risultati citologici in Pap test. Avendo cervice malsano (tra cui: cervicite cronica, Erosione / lacerazione, e Ipertrofico cervice) nel gruppo dei casi è risultata significativamente più alta di quella del gruppo di controllo (X2 = 47,166, df = 1, p <.001). La maggior parte dei soggetti nel gruppo caso avevano fatto il pap test corrente a causa di una prescrizione medica, mentre nel gruppo di controllo è stato eseguito come una routine check-up e test chi-quadrato ha dimostrato che vi è una differenza significativa tra due gruppi relativi a questa variabile ( p <.001). sesso doloroso, dolore addominale, dolore pelvico e mal di schiena bassa sono le manifestazioni cliniche che nel gruppo dei casi erano significativamente superiore a quella del gruppo di controllo (P <.001). CONCLUSIONE: Si consiglia vivamente di questo strumento di valutazione dei fattori di rischio da considerare e applicato in tutte le cliniche che sono aperti alle donne a causa dei problemi ginecologici. Può aiutare i medici prevedere situazione salute dei pazienti al fine di avere un'azione adeguata e rapida. Per salvare la maggior parte delle vite, sia la prevenzione e la diagnosi precoce dovrebbero essere coperti totalmente da assicurazione sanitaria pubblica soprattutto nelle persone a basso reddito. servizi disponibili devono essere interamente utilizzati per migliorare la conoscenza e la consapevolezza delle donne sul cancro cervicale, i fattori di rischio, e anche la sua causa principale: HPV. femminile operatori sanitari, i media, stampa ed eventuali materiali stampati possono avere un ruolo operativo ed efficace su di esso.

Developing a risk factor assessment tool for the cytological changes towards cervical cancer in pap test and the Regression Model of its determinants in Iran

2015

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Despite mostly considered a preventable disease, cervical cancer after breast cancer, is the second most common cancer among women around the world and the leading women‟s cancer in the developing countries. Cervical cancer is a unique kind of cancer in human being because of having a long incubation period and the fact that we know its main cause (HPV) so the cancer can be prevented. In order to identify high risk patients, have a suitable and rapid action and also to reduce some medical expenses the present study was conducted based on two objectives: 1) Developing a risk factors assessment tool for the cytological changes towards cervical cancer in pap test, 2) To compare the risk factors and clinical manifestations in women with and without atypical cytological findings in Pap test and develop the regression model of its determinants in Iran. METHODS: According to the aims this study was performed in 2 phases. 1) A methodological study to develop the research tool, 2) A case-control study with a total of 201 subjects chosing by convenience method who were eligible according to the research criteria. The subjects were assigned in two groups: 51 women in case group with, and 150 women in control group without atypical cytological findings in their Pap test. Research environment were clinics of gynecology and oncology affiliated with the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. For data analysis we used Mean, Standard Deviation, Chi-Square Test, Odds Ratio and Logistic Regression Models. RESULTS: Result for the first Phase of the research led to create a tool entitled: “A risk factors assessment tool for the cytological changes towards cervical cancer in the Pap test”. It is a standardized questionnaire (CVR=94.39, CVI=96.01) with 50 questions which can be used by other researchers in their related projects and also by the midwives and physicians in face with their patients. This is a unique tool and has two subscales including risk factors and clinical manifestations. Results for The second phase of this research are provided in 14 tables. According to the logistic regression in this study the age (p>0.05, OR= 1.08), age at the menarche (p>0.05, OR=0.75), number of deliveries (p>0.05, OR=1.44), BMI (p>0.05, OR=2.598) and the use of protection (condom) (p>0.05, OR=0.023) are determinants for 6 cytological findings in Pap test. Having unhealthy cervix (including: Chronic cervicitis, Erosion/ Laceration, and Hypertrophied cervix) in case group was significantly higher than that of control group (X2= 47.166, df=1, P< .001). Most of the subjects in case group had done the current pap test due to a medical prescription while in control group it was performed as a routine check up and Chi-Square test showed that there is a significant difference between two groups related to this variable (p< .001). Painful sex, Low abdominal pain, Pelvic pain and Low back pain are the clinical manifestations that in case group were significantly higher than that of control group (P<.001). CONCLUSION: We strongly recommend this risk factors assessment tool to be considered and applied in all the clinics that are open to women because of the gynecological problems. It can help the physicians to predict the patients' health situation in order to have a suitable and quick action. To save most lives, both prevention and early detection should be covered totally by public health insurance especially in low income people. Available facilities should be entirely used to enhance women‟s knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer, risk factors, and also about its main cause: HPV. Women‟s health care professionals, media, press and any printed matters can have an operational and effective role about it.
GRECO, Pantaleo
CUNEO, Antonio
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