Heterogeneous ice nucleation is one element inside the overall complexity of the Earth's atmosphere, however, it has a profound impact on our representation of cloud properties: this process affects the optical thickness and lifetime of mixed-phase clouds and cirrus clouds, and it is responsible for a significant proportion of precipitations formed globally. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is related to the presence of specific aerosol particles, named ice nuclei particles (INP), with the unique ability of lowering the energy barrier required for the formation of ice crystals, especially where cloud’s temperatures are >-38 °C. In the last decades, significant advancements have been made to the fundamental understanding of ice nucleation, however the lack of knowledge on the cloud ice phase still contributes to major uncertainties in climate model prediction of radiative forcing. This is partly due to limited observational data quantifying INP distributions and properties all over the world, especially in remote locations. In the first part of this thesis, field observations of ice nucleating particles have been performed at the Italian Climate Observatory “O. Vittori” on Mountain Cimone (2165 m above sea level), in the spring 2014 and autumn 2015, within the Bacchus and Air Sea Lab projects. For the first time we report the results of offline INP measurements, performed at a high altitude site within the Mediterranean basin. In the period 19-29 May 2014, a parallel campaign took place at the low-altitude station San Pietro Capofiume, a rural site in the Po Valley. The two campaigns were concerned, for a few days, by a Saharan Dust transport Event (SDE), which was recorded simultaneously at the high and the low-level station. We investigated the ambient number concentration of INP under condensation freezing activation mechanism (at -18 °C and above water saturation). In the second part of this thesis, we present the observations that were performed during the Arctic campaign Parcs-Maca, in the period of transition among the polar night and the polar day. We could characterise for the first time the Arctic PMA ice nucleating and physical/chemical properties, in a laboratory-controlled generation approach, that was combined to a mesocosm experiment. The aim of the mesocosm experiment was to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to study the effect of marine pollution on marine emissions. We found a moderate but significant decrease of the ice nuclei concentration in the polluted seawater (with respect to the control seawater) recorded in the freezing range between -8.5 and -19 °C and activated through immersion-freezing. Within the seaspray our measurements have indicated a relation among INP active at warm temperature (above -15 °C through immersion-freezing) and a calcium enrichment detected in PM1 filters (and followed by an apparent Chloride depletion). On the basis of our observations, and the results reported from other studies, a few suggestions on the nature of these marine ice nuclei have been suggested. In summary, the measurements made for this thesis provide new information on the concentrations of ice nuclei in ambient aerosol particles in remote regions (a high-altitude observatory in the central Mediterranean region) and in relation to a specific source, the Arctic sea spray.
La nucleazione eterogenea del ghiaccio é solo uno dei molteplici fattori che riguardano le complesse dinamiche dell’atmosfera terrestre, eppure il suo impatto sulle proprietà e sull’evoluzione delle nubi é determinante: infatti la formazione del ghiaccio in nube influenza sia le proprietà ottiche che il tempo di vita ed evoluzione delle nubi miste e fredde, ed é legata alla formazione delle precipitazioni su scala globale. La formazione eterogenea del ghiaccio é legata alla presenza di specifiche particelle di aerosol, chiamati nucleatori del ghiaccio (acronimo ‘INP’ dall’inglese Ice Nuclei Particles), particelle con l’abilità di abbassare la barriera energetica richiesta per la formazione dei cristalli di ghiaccio, e il cui ruolo é influente per temperature di nube >-38 °C. Anche se significativi avanzamenti sono stati fatti negli ultimi decenni nella descrizione dei nucleatori del ghiaccio, la loro comprensione é incompleta e cio’ influenza le incertezze sulle stime di forcing radiativo nei modelli climatici. Tutto cio’ é legato anche ad una mancanza di osservazioni sulle distribuzioni e proprietà degli ‘INP’ su scala globale, specialmente in zone remote. Nella prima parte di questa tesi, misure sperimentali di nucleatori del ghiaccio sono state eseguite all’Osservatorio Climatico Italiano “O. Vittori” sulla cima del Monte Cimone (2165 m sopra il livello del mare), nella primavera 2014 e autunno 2015, nel contesto dei progetti Bacchus e Air Sea Lab. Per la prima volta, si riportano i risultati di misure offline di ‘INP’ ad alta quota nel bacino del Mediterraneo. Nel periodo 19-29 Maggio 2014, in parallelo é stata svolta un’ulteriore campagna di misura presso San Pietro Capofiume, una zona rurale della pianura Padana. In alcuni giorni entrambe le campagne di misura sono state interessate da un evento di trasporto di polveri Sahariane (acronimo ‘SDE’ dall’inglese Saharan Dust transport Event), registrato contemporaneamente presso le due stazioni. La concentrazione atmosferica di ‘INP’ é stata valutata rispetto al meccanismo di attivazione detto condensation-freezing (a -18 °C e in condizioni di sovrassaturazione). Nella seconda parte della tesi, le osservazioni sono state eseguite durante la campagna di misura Parcs-Maca in Artide, nel periodo di transizione fra la notte polare e il giorno polare. E’ stato possibile caratterizzare per la prima volta le proprietà nucleanti e fisico/chimiche dell’Aerosol Marino Primario (acronimo ‘PMA’) Artico, tramito un approccio di generazione controllata in laboratorio, combinata ad un esperimento di tipo mesocosmo. L’esperimento in mesocosmo ha permesso di adottare un approccio multidisciplinare per studiare l’effetto dell’inquinamento marino sulle emissioni marine. E’ stata trovata una moderata ma significativa diminuzione nella concentrazione dei nucleatori del ghiaccio nell’acqua di mare inquinata (rispetto ai campioni di acqua di mare del sistema di controllo) attivati tramite immersion-freezing nell’intervallo di congelamento fra -8.5 e -19 °C. Le misure effettuate sullo spray marino hanno indicato una relazione fra i nucleatori del ghiaccio attivi a temperature più calde (> -15 °C attivati tramite immersion-freezing) e un arricchimento di calcio rilevato in filtri PM1 (e accompagnato da un apparente riduzione di Cloro). Sulla base delle osservazioni effettuate, e dei risultati riportato in altri studi, sono state suggerite alcune indicazioni sulla natura dei nucleatori biologici marini. In conclusione, le misure fatte durante questa tesi forniscono nuove informazioni sulle concentrazioni di INP per l’aerosol atmosferico di una zona remota (un osservatorio ad alta quota nel bacino centrale del Mediterraneo) e in relazione a una sorgente specifica, lo spray marino Artico.
Experimental investigation of heterogeneous nucleation of ice in remote locations.
NICOSIA, ALESSIA
2018
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation is one element inside the overall complexity of the Earth's atmosphere, however, it has a profound impact on our representation of cloud properties: this process affects the optical thickness and lifetime of mixed-phase clouds and cirrus clouds, and it is responsible for a significant proportion of precipitations formed globally. Heterogeneous ice nucleation is related to the presence of specific aerosol particles, named ice nuclei particles (INP), with the unique ability of lowering the energy barrier required for the formation of ice crystals, especially where cloud’s temperatures are >-38 °C. In the last decades, significant advancements have been made to the fundamental understanding of ice nucleation, however the lack of knowledge on the cloud ice phase still contributes to major uncertainties in climate model prediction of radiative forcing. This is partly due to limited observational data quantifying INP distributions and properties all over the world, especially in remote locations. In the first part of this thesis, field observations of ice nucleating particles have been performed at the Italian Climate Observatory “O. Vittori” on Mountain Cimone (2165 m above sea level), in the spring 2014 and autumn 2015, within the Bacchus and Air Sea Lab projects. For the first time we report the results of offline INP measurements, performed at a high altitude site within the Mediterranean basin. In the period 19-29 May 2014, a parallel campaign took place at the low-altitude station San Pietro Capofiume, a rural site in the Po Valley. The two campaigns were concerned, for a few days, by a Saharan Dust transport Event (SDE), which was recorded simultaneously at the high and the low-level station. We investigated the ambient number concentration of INP under condensation freezing activation mechanism (at -18 °C and above water saturation). In the second part of this thesis, we present the observations that were performed during the Arctic campaign Parcs-Maca, in the period of transition among the polar night and the polar day. We could characterise for the first time the Arctic PMA ice nucleating and physical/chemical properties, in a laboratory-controlled generation approach, that was combined to a mesocosm experiment. The aim of the mesocosm experiment was to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to study the effect of marine pollution on marine emissions. We found a moderate but significant decrease of the ice nuclei concentration in the polluted seawater (with respect to the control seawater) recorded in the freezing range between -8.5 and -19 °C and activated through immersion-freezing. Within the seaspray our measurements have indicated a relation among INP active at warm temperature (above -15 °C through immersion-freezing) and a calcium enrichment detected in PM1 filters (and followed by an apparent Chloride depletion). On the basis of our observations, and the results reported from other studies, a few suggestions on the nature of these marine ice nuclei have been suggested. In summary, the measurements made for this thesis provide new information on the concentrations of ice nuclei in ambient aerosol particles in remote regions (a high-altitude observatory in the central Mediterranean region) and in relation to a specific source, the Arctic sea spray.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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