This dissertation aims at reconstructing the evolution of alchemical thinking in France after Lavoisier’s reform and of the relationships between alchemy, scientific research and esoteric speculation. The dissertation follows a chronological order and is composed of five chapters. - Chap. 1 (1750-89) explains the methodology followed in this research, dealing in particular with the role of alchemy in the recent historiography of science (c. 1950-today), analysed with the evolution of the concept of ‘history of science’ itself in light of the historic transition between alchemy and chemistry during the 18th century. In this chapter, three main research questions are detailed: survival of ideas mutated from alchemy in the chemistry research of the 18th century; the evolution of alchemy from esoteric and philosophical research to a scientific discipline; the role and perception of alchemy in the historiography of chemistry (c. 1830-90). - Chap. 2 (1789-1844) is devoted to a brief excursus of logical and epistemological prejudices that can be found in the scientific research after the 17th century Scientific Revolution and their permanence in the chemical research after Lavoisier. This is followed by the reconstruction of the historical process that led to the reappearance in the chemistry field of ideas and hypothesis in regards to the transmutation of metals. - Chap. 3 (1803-51) is focused on the analysis of alchemical works produced in France during the first half of the 19th century with two in-depth analyses of: researches aimed at the categorization of human knowledge from which the category of ‘occult sciences’ emerged; brief historical profile of the ideological currents that played a role in the shaping of occultism (mesmerism, spiritualism, spiritism). - Chap. 4 (1845-94) is organized in three sections: attempts to validate transmutation through laboratory experimentation; classification and officialization of occultism as a discipline devoted to unifying science and religious believes in a cohesive and shared epistemological perspective; analysis of authors of ‘new alchemy’ who carried forth the use of the principle of auctoritas to contemporaries discoveries to prove a perceived and illusionary complementarity between discoveries made in physics and chemistry research and occultist speculation (particularly in regards to research concerning ether theories). - Chap. 5 (1892-1926) is devoted to the last French representative of alchemy as an occult science, François Jollivet-Castelot (1874 - 1937), with particular attention to his laboratory activities in regards of the transmutation of silver into gold (1920-6). The chapter ends with remarks on the subsequent return of alchemy to the status of initiatory discipline with strong symbolic content.
Il presente elaborato è dedicato ad una ricostruzione dell’evoluzione del pensiero alchemico in Francia all’indomani della riforma lavoisieriana e dei relativi rapporti con il mondo della ricerca scientifica e gli ambienti della speculazione esoterica. Suddiviso cronologicamente in cinque parti, esso è così ripartito: - Cap. 1 (1750-89). Di carattere metodologico, riguardante il ruolo dell’alchimia nell’attuale storiografia della scienza (ca. 1950 - oggi), in rapporto all’evoluzione del concetto stesso di storia della scienza alla luce del passaggio storico da alchimia a chimica nel corso del XVIII secolo. In questo capitolo vengono chiariti i tre punti focali oggetto di indagine: sopravvivenza di idee afferenti alla speculazione alchemica nella ricerca chimica ottocentesca; evoluzione della disciplina alchemica (da ricerca filosofico-esoterica a disciplina con velleità scientifiche); ruolo e percezione dell’alchimia nella storiografia della chimica (ca. 1830-90); - Cap. 2 (1789-1844). Dedicato ad una breve trattazione dei pregiudizi di ordine logico ed epistemologico osservabili nella ricerca scientifica post-newtoniana e loro conservazione nella ricerca chimica post-lavoisieriana. Segue da una ricostruzione della dinamica storica che, attraverso scoperte successive, ha permesso il ripresentarsi di ipotesi, nell’ambito della ricerca chimica, riguardanti la trasmutazione dei metalli; - Cap. 3 (1803-51). Incentrato sull’analisi delle opere di argomento alchemico prodotte in Francia durante la prima metà del XIX secolo, con due approfondimenti relativi a: - ricerche volte alla classificazione del sapere dalle quali scaturì la nomenclatura delle “scienze occulte”, - breve profilo storico delle correnti di pensiero che ebbero un ruolo nella formulazione del pensiero occultista (mesmerismo, spiritualismo, spiritismo) - Cap. 4 (1845-94). Suddiviso in tre parti: - Tentativi di convalida sperimentale della trasmutazione - Codificazione e istituzionalizzazione dell’occultismo come disciplina votata all’unione di scienza e credenza religiosa in un paradigma epistemologico condiviso - Analisi degli autori della ‘nuova alchimia’, i quali estesero il ricorso al principio di autorità alle scoperte coeve al fine di mostrare un’illusoria complementarità fra scoperte della ricerca fisico-chimica e la speculazione occultista (ruolo centrale degli studi sull’etere); - Cap. 5 (1892-1926). Capitolo monografico dedicato all’ultimo esponente dell’alchimia intesa come scienza occulta, François Jollivet-Castelot (1874 - 1937), con particolare enfasi sulla sua attività di laboratorio riguardante la trasmutazione dell’argento in oro (1920-6). Conclusioni circa il successivo ritorno dell’alchimia allo stato di disciplina iniziatica a contenuto simbolico.
Sviluppi e trasformazioni dell'alchimia in Francia durante il Lungo Ottocento
ANATRINI, Leonardo
2021
Abstract
This dissertation aims at reconstructing the evolution of alchemical thinking in France after Lavoisier’s reform and of the relationships between alchemy, scientific research and esoteric speculation. The dissertation follows a chronological order and is composed of five chapters. - Chap. 1 (1750-89) explains the methodology followed in this research, dealing in particular with the role of alchemy in the recent historiography of science (c. 1950-today), analysed with the evolution of the concept of ‘history of science’ itself in light of the historic transition between alchemy and chemistry during the 18th century. In this chapter, three main research questions are detailed: survival of ideas mutated from alchemy in the chemistry research of the 18th century; the evolution of alchemy from esoteric and philosophical research to a scientific discipline; the role and perception of alchemy in the historiography of chemistry (c. 1830-90). - Chap. 2 (1789-1844) is devoted to a brief excursus of logical and epistemological prejudices that can be found in the scientific research after the 17th century Scientific Revolution and their permanence in the chemical research after Lavoisier. This is followed by the reconstruction of the historical process that led to the reappearance in the chemistry field of ideas and hypothesis in regards to the transmutation of metals. - Chap. 3 (1803-51) is focused on the analysis of alchemical works produced in France during the first half of the 19th century with two in-depth analyses of: researches aimed at the categorization of human knowledge from which the category of ‘occult sciences’ emerged; brief historical profile of the ideological currents that played a role in the shaping of occultism (mesmerism, spiritualism, spiritism). - Chap. 4 (1845-94) is organized in three sections: attempts to validate transmutation through laboratory experimentation; classification and officialization of occultism as a discipline devoted to unifying science and religious believes in a cohesive and shared epistemological perspective; analysis of authors of ‘new alchemy’ who carried forth the use of the principle of auctoritas to contemporaries discoveries to prove a perceived and illusionary complementarity between discoveries made in physics and chemistry research and occultist speculation (particularly in regards to research concerning ether theories). - Chap. 5 (1892-1926) is devoted to the last French representative of alchemy as an occult science, François Jollivet-Castelot (1874 - 1937), with particular attention to his laboratory activities in regards of the transmutation of silver into gold (1920-6). The chapter ends with remarks on the subsequent return of alchemy to the status of initiatory discipline with strong symbolic content.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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