The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the presence and origin of soil degassing activity in two different areas in the Po Plain affected by the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence. A multidisciplinary approach was used and includes fluid geochemistry, geophysical data acquisition, long term monitoring of soil gas, water and soil temperature, monitoring of seismicity, flux measurements and microbiology. Data were elaborated and mapped using a statistical approach. This approach tried to shed light on a very complex topic represented by the interaction between earthquakes and crustal fluids. The first studied area was the Natural Reserve of Nirano mud volcanoes (MVs), located in the western sector of the Modena Apennine margin (Italy), where active faults and fracture networks promote the upraise of deep-seated fluid. Currently, MVs are formed by five main vents continuously emitting mud, gas bubbles and muddy water, which also contain small fractions of liquid hydrocarbons. MVs represent ideal test-sites for hydrocarbon exploration, as well as for geohazards evaluation due to the potential release of large amounts of hydrocarbons and mud in soil and atmosphere, enhanced when earthquakes occur. In order to identify potential faults and/or fractures related to preferential migration pathways and the possible interactions between reservoir and surface, the distribution of pathfinder elements such as 222Rn, He e H2 and gas seepage from soil (i.e. CO2 and CH4 fluxes) were studied. Results highlighted an evident alignment of soil gas anomalies crossing the mud volcanoes apparatus, probably due to the presence of hidden fault system(s). The second area was the Hot Lands of Medolla, a peculiar area characterized by spotty high soil temperatures, coupled to gas emission and lack of vegetation in localized areas. In the Hot Lands of Medolla several soil surveys were performed to: i) determine the origin of these phenomena, ii) define the amount and the origin of fluids and their background values, iii) identify the migration pathways and the changes in the gas concentrations during and after the 2012 seismic sequence. Chemical and isotopic data pre-2012 hint a mixed and thermogenic origin of CH4 probably linked to leakage from a deep source. Conversely, after the seismic sequence isotopic data indicate both mixed and typical biogenic origins (i.e. microbial hydrocarbon production) of the methane, as recognized elsewhere in the Po Plain and surroundings. These variations could be produced by increasing of bacterial (e.g. peat strata) and methanogenic fermentation processes in the first meters of the soil. Indeed, an exothermic oxidation of diffusely uprising biogenic methane at very shallow levels (<1 m) occurs in the presence of free oxygen and methanotrophic bacteria and can then explain the observed ground heating up, and the diffuse emission from the soil. This study led to an increase of the knowledge of the geochemical processes occurring during and after 2012 seismic sequence and their links among natural gas emissions, thermal anomalies and secondary volcanism.

Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di indagare la presenza e l'origine del degassamento al suolo in due diverse aree della Pianura Padana, colpite dalla sequenza sismica del 2012, cercando di far luce su un argomento molto complesso rappresentato dall'interazione tra i terremoti e i fluidi crostali. É stato utilizzato un approccio multidisciplinare che comprende la geochimica dei fluidi, l'acquisizione di dati geofisici, il monitoraggio a lungo termine dei gas del suolo, della temperatura nel suolo ed in pozzo, le misure di flusso di esalazione dal suolo e la microbiologia. I dati sono stati elaborati e mappati utilizzando un approccio statistico. La prima area di studio riguarda la Riserva Naturale dei vulcani di fango delle Salse di Nirano (MVs), che si trova nel settore occidentale del margine appenninico in provincia di Modena (Italia), dove un sistema di faglie e fratture attive facilita la risalita di fluidi profondi. Attualmente, i MVs sono formati da cinque coni principali che emettono continuamente fango, bolle di gas e acqua fangosa, e una piccola frazione di idrocarburi liquidi. I MVs rappresentano dei siti ideali per la ricerca di idrocarburi, così come per lo studio dei rischi geologici a causa del potenziale rilascio di grandi quantità di idrocarburi e fango nel suolo e in atmosfera. Tali emissioni possono aumentare in concomitanza di eventi sismici significativi. Al fine di identificare le potenziali faglie e/o fratture legate alle vie preferenziali di migrazione dei gas e le possibili interazioni tra serbatoio profondo e la superficie, sono stati studiati i) la distribuzione degli elementi pathfinder, quali 222Rn, He, H2 e ii) il seepage attraverso misure di flussi di CO2 e CH4. I risultati dello studio hanno evidenziato un evidente allineamento di anomalie gassose nel suolo che collega i principali coni di emissione, probabilmente dovuto alla presenza di un sistema di faglie e/o fratture sepolto. La seconda area di studio riguarda le Terre Calde di Medolla, una zona peculiare caratterizzata da elevate temperature al suolo, rilevanti emissioni di gas e mancanza di vegetazione in chiazze locallizzate. In questa zona sono state effettuate diverse prospezioni al fine di: i) determinare l'origine di questi fenomeni, ii) definire la quantità di gas emesso dal suolo e la loro origine, iii) identificare le vie preferenziali di migrazione e le variazioni nella concentrazione del gas durante e dopo la sequenza sismica. Le analisi chimiche e isotopiche pre-2012 evidenziano un'origine termogenica e mista del CH4, probabilmente legata ad una sorgente profonda. Al contrario, dopo la sequenza sismica di dati isotopici indicano un'origine del metano di tipo misto e biogenico (vale a dire per produzione microbica di idrocarburi), come generalmente riconosciuto in Pianura Padana. Queste variazioni possono essere prodotte dall'aumentata presenza di batteri e da processi di fermentazione metanogenici nei primi metri del suolo. Infatti, è stato identificato un fenomeno di ossidazione esotermica del metano nei livelli meno profondi del suolo (<1 m). Tale fenomeno avviene in presenza di ossigeno libero e batteri metanotrofici e può quindi spiegare riscaldamento osservato del suolo, e l'emissione diffusa dal suolo di metano e anidride carbonica. Questo studio ha portato ad un incremento nella conoscenza dei processi geochimici che si verificano durante e dopo una sequenza sismica e la relazione tra emissioni di gas naturale, anomalie termiche e vulcanismo secondario.

Studio dei Gas Endogeni associati ad anomalie termiche e rilascio di gas naturale in Provincia di Modena e Ferrara

SCIARRA, Alessandra
2017

Abstract

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the presence and origin of soil degassing activity in two different areas in the Po Plain affected by the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence. A multidisciplinary approach was used and includes fluid geochemistry, geophysical data acquisition, long term monitoring of soil gas, water and soil temperature, monitoring of seismicity, flux measurements and microbiology. Data were elaborated and mapped using a statistical approach. This approach tried to shed light on a very complex topic represented by the interaction between earthquakes and crustal fluids. The first studied area was the Natural Reserve of Nirano mud volcanoes (MVs), located in the western sector of the Modena Apennine margin (Italy), where active faults and fracture networks promote the upraise of deep-seated fluid. Currently, MVs are formed by five main vents continuously emitting mud, gas bubbles and muddy water, which also contain small fractions of liquid hydrocarbons. MVs represent ideal test-sites for hydrocarbon exploration, as well as for geohazards evaluation due to the potential release of large amounts of hydrocarbons and mud in soil and atmosphere, enhanced when earthquakes occur. In order to identify potential faults and/or fractures related to preferential migration pathways and the possible interactions between reservoir and surface, the distribution of pathfinder elements such as 222Rn, He e H2 and gas seepage from soil (i.e. CO2 and CH4 fluxes) were studied. Results highlighted an evident alignment of soil gas anomalies crossing the mud volcanoes apparatus, probably due to the presence of hidden fault system(s). The second area was the Hot Lands of Medolla, a peculiar area characterized by spotty high soil temperatures, coupled to gas emission and lack of vegetation in localized areas. In the Hot Lands of Medolla several soil surveys were performed to: i) determine the origin of these phenomena, ii) define the amount and the origin of fluids and their background values, iii) identify the migration pathways and the changes in the gas concentrations during and after the 2012 seismic sequence. Chemical and isotopic data pre-2012 hint a mixed and thermogenic origin of CH4 probably linked to leakage from a deep source. Conversely, after the seismic sequence isotopic data indicate both mixed and typical biogenic origins (i.e. microbial hydrocarbon production) of the methane, as recognized elsewhere in the Po Plain and surroundings. These variations could be produced by increasing of bacterial (e.g. peat strata) and methanogenic fermentation processes in the first meters of the soil. Indeed, an exothermic oxidation of diffusely uprising biogenic methane at very shallow levels (<1 m) occurs in the presence of free oxygen and methanotrophic bacteria and can then explain the observed ground heating up, and the diffuse emission from the soil. This study led to an increase of the knowledge of the geochemical processes occurring during and after 2012 seismic sequence and their links among natural gas emissions, thermal anomalies and secondary volcanism.
COLTORTI, Massimo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2488157
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