The main goal of this research was to investigate some extreme warming episodes characterizing the early Eocene climate and related to profound variations on the global carbon cycle and paleoceanographic conditions, the short-lived hyperthermals and the long-lasted Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). To pursue this aim three early Eocene deep-sea successions were selected from different paleoceanographic settings: the low-latitude central western Tethyan Terche section (northeastern Italy) and the western Atlantic ODP Site 1051 (Blake Nose), and the mid-latitudes southeastern Atlantic ODP Site 1263 (Walvis Ridge). These case studies were approached with integrated micropaleontological and geochemical analysis. The former is mainly based on planktic foraminifera, widely employed in the study of past environments as they record the effects of surface waters perturbations both in test chemistry and changes within the assemblages. Investigation of the three hyperthermals, H1 or ETM2, H2 and I1 at the Tethyan Terche section highlights significant changes in calcareous plankton assemblages across these events, suggesting increase in surface-water eutrophication coupled with a weakening of the upper water-column thermal stratification, although these changes were transient and more intense during the ETM2. Each event coincides with lithological anomalies interpreted as essentially linked to increased terrigenous dilution, as dissolution proxies do not display significant variations. The perturbed conditions persisted during the early CIE recovery, implying slower recovery rates for the environment and biota than for the carbon cycle. The analysis of the Atlantic sites encompassing the EECO reveals major changes in planktic foraminiferal assemblages across this perturbation mainly consisting in a permanent reduction in abundance and number of species of Morozovella paralleled by increase in abundance and diversification of Acarinina. Possible causes to explain this global and permanent overturn, previously documented in other low-latitude locations, are manifold and may include the sustained elevated temperature, prolonged high level of pCO2, surface-waters acidification, loss of photo-symbionts (bleaching) or even ecological competition. A test on Morozovella species from Site 1051 was performed to verify the bleaching hypothesis through analysis of the δ13C signal. Evidences of bleaching and test-size reduction were documented in a number of Morozovella species just above the J event. Nonetheless, the bleaching signal was transient and also involved acarininids, thus invalidating this hypothesis to explain the Morozovella permanent drop. Some Morozovella species never recover their maximum test-size implying that their ecological optimum threshold was crossed during the EECO. Analysis of the Morozovella coiling direction at Sites 1051 and 1263 highlight a dominant dextral preference for this genus during the interval preceding the EECO. However, all species show a first prominent flip to sinistral coiling starting slightly above the J event that became permanent slightly above the K/X event. Temporary switches towards sinistral coiling mode also occurred during several pre-EECO hyperthermals. Previous interpretations favour genetic explanations for coiling flips rather than ecological responses. These new data cannot validate or disprove the former idea, but should stimulate renewed thought on the latter idea. Planktic foraminiferal response to the EECO at Site 1263 also includes the virtual disappearance of the chiloguembelinids and abundance reduction of the thermocline-dweller subbotinids, interpreted as a result of ecological niches contraction probably related to weakening of the upper water-column thermal stratification. The whole planktic foraminiferal signal emphasizes the striking effect of the long-lasted EECO perturbation that superimposed and prevailed on the ephemeral changes linked to the hyperthermals.
Obiettivo di questa ricerca è l’indagine di alcuni episodi di riscaldamento estremo a breve e lunga durata dell’Eocene inferiore associati a profonde variazioni del ciclo del Carbonio e condizioni paleooceanografiche: ipertermali e Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). A tal fine sono state selezionate tre successioni eoceniche di mare profondo da diversi contesti paleoceanografici: dalle basse latitudini, la sezione della Tetide centro occidentale del Terche (Italia nord orientale) e il Site Atlantico occidentale ODP 1051 (Blake Nose) dalle medie latitudini il Site Atlantico sud orientale ODP 1263 (Walvis Ridge). Questi casi-studio sono stati affrontati integrando analisi micropaleontologica e geochimica. La prima è principalmente basata sui foraminiferi planctonici, ampiamente utilizzati per studi paleoambientali poiché registrano effetti delle perturbazioni delle acque superficiali nella chimica dei gusci e nelle variazioni delle associazioni. Le indagini degli ipertermali H1 o ETM2, H2 e I1 nella sezione di Terche mostrano rilevanti cambiamenti nelle associazioni del plancton calcareo che indicano aumento di eutrofia associato a un indebolimento della stratificazione termica delle acque superficiali, sebbene le variazioni siano transitorie e più intense durante l’ETM2. Ciascun evento coincide con anomalie marnose riconducibili all’aumento della diluizione terrigena poiché gli indicatori di dissoluzione non mostrano variazioni significative. Le condizioni di perturbazione persistono anche durante la fase di recupero del ciclo del carbonio implicando tassi di ripresa più lenti per ambiente e biota. L'analisi dell’EECO nei Site atlantici rivela significativi cambiamenti nelle associazioni a foraminiferi planctonici. Il più evidente è la drastica riduzione in abbondanza e numero di specie di Morozovella e un parallelo incremento nelle abbondanze e diversificazione di Acarinina. Le possibili cause di questo turnover globale e permanente, già documentato in altre località delle basse latitudini, possono essere molteplici ed includono: temperature elevate, prolungati alti livelli di pCO2, acidificazione delle acque superficiali, perdita dei simbionti (bleaching) o competizione ecologica. Il test sui morozovellidi del Site 1051, per verificare l'ipotesi del bleaching attraverso l'analisi del segnale del δ13C, mostra evidenze di bleaching e riduzione nella dimensione dei gusci in alcune specie di Morozovella poco sopra l'evento J. Questo segnale è tuttavia transitorio ed interessa anche gli acarininidi invalidando così questa ipotesi per spiegare il calo permanente di Morozovella. Varie specie di Morozovella non recuperano la massima dimensione del guscio; ciò implica il superamento della loro soglia di optimum ecologico durante l’EECO. L’analisi della direzione di avvolgimento nei morozovellidi dei Site 1051 e 1263 evidenzia una preferenza nell’avvolgimento destrorso durante l'intervallo che precede l’EECO. Tuttavia, si osserva una prima marcata inversione verso un avvolgimento sinistrorso poco sopra il J che diviene permanente poco sopra il K/X. Incrementi temporanei delle forme sinistrorse si verificano anche durante alcuni ipertermali pre-EECO. Precedenti interpretazioni prediligono una spiegazione genetica per le inversioni dell’avvolgimento piuttosto che una risposta ecologica. Questi nuovi dati non possono convalidare o negare la prima ipotesi, ma stimolano una rinnovata considerazione della seconda. Alla base dell’EECO nel Site 1263 si registra inoltre la virtuale scomparsa dei chiloguembelinidi e la riduzione nell’abbondanza dei subbotinidi riconducibili ad una contrazione delle nicchie ecologiche dovuta all'indebolimento della stratificazione termica delle acque. Il segnale a foraminiferi planctonici sottolinea il sorprendente effetto della perturbazione di lunga durata indotta dall’EECO che si è sovrapposto ed ha prevalso sui cambiamenti effimeri legati agli ipertermali.
Planktic foraminiferal response to the early Eocene climatic perturbations: the post-PETM hyperthermals and the EECO event
D'ONOFRIO, Roberta
2017
Abstract
The main goal of this research was to investigate some extreme warming episodes characterizing the early Eocene climate and related to profound variations on the global carbon cycle and paleoceanographic conditions, the short-lived hyperthermals and the long-lasted Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO). To pursue this aim three early Eocene deep-sea successions were selected from different paleoceanographic settings: the low-latitude central western Tethyan Terche section (northeastern Italy) and the western Atlantic ODP Site 1051 (Blake Nose), and the mid-latitudes southeastern Atlantic ODP Site 1263 (Walvis Ridge). These case studies were approached with integrated micropaleontological and geochemical analysis. The former is mainly based on planktic foraminifera, widely employed in the study of past environments as they record the effects of surface waters perturbations both in test chemistry and changes within the assemblages. Investigation of the three hyperthermals, H1 or ETM2, H2 and I1 at the Tethyan Terche section highlights significant changes in calcareous plankton assemblages across these events, suggesting increase in surface-water eutrophication coupled with a weakening of the upper water-column thermal stratification, although these changes were transient and more intense during the ETM2. Each event coincides with lithological anomalies interpreted as essentially linked to increased terrigenous dilution, as dissolution proxies do not display significant variations. The perturbed conditions persisted during the early CIE recovery, implying slower recovery rates for the environment and biota than for the carbon cycle. The analysis of the Atlantic sites encompassing the EECO reveals major changes in planktic foraminiferal assemblages across this perturbation mainly consisting in a permanent reduction in abundance and number of species of Morozovella paralleled by increase in abundance and diversification of Acarinina. Possible causes to explain this global and permanent overturn, previously documented in other low-latitude locations, are manifold and may include the sustained elevated temperature, prolonged high level of pCO2, surface-waters acidification, loss of photo-symbionts (bleaching) or even ecological competition. A test on Morozovella species from Site 1051 was performed to verify the bleaching hypothesis through analysis of the δ13C signal. Evidences of bleaching and test-size reduction were documented in a number of Morozovella species just above the J event. Nonetheless, the bleaching signal was transient and also involved acarininids, thus invalidating this hypothesis to explain the Morozovella permanent drop. Some Morozovella species never recover their maximum test-size implying that their ecological optimum threshold was crossed during the EECO. Analysis of the Morozovella coiling direction at Sites 1051 and 1263 highlight a dominant dextral preference for this genus during the interval preceding the EECO. However, all species show a first prominent flip to sinistral coiling starting slightly above the J event that became permanent slightly above the K/X event. Temporary switches towards sinistral coiling mode also occurred during several pre-EECO hyperthermals. Previous interpretations favour genetic explanations for coiling flips rather than ecological responses. These new data cannot validate or disprove the former idea, but should stimulate renewed thought on the latter idea. Planktic foraminiferal response to the EECO at Site 1263 also includes the virtual disappearance of the chiloguembelinids and abundance reduction of the thermocline-dweller subbotinids, interpreted as a result of ecological niches contraction probably related to weakening of the upper water-column thermal stratification. The whole planktic foraminiferal signal emphasizes the striking effect of the long-lasted EECO perturbation that superimposed and prevailed on the ephemeral changes linked to the hyperthermals.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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D'Onofrio Roberta PhD Thesis Final_PARTE 1.pdf
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D'Onofrio Roberta PhD Thesis Final_PARTE 2.pdf
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