The renewed emergence of international terrorism has brought a sense of social alarm in Western democracies. The elusive transnational phenomenon of foreign fighters and lone wolves complicates the prevention of terrorist attacks and forces legislators to identify adequate criminal law responses. The evolution of international terrorism and the recent violent attacks committed in different parts of Europe have given rise to a process of criminal law reforms to cope with terrorism at the different levels of the legal system (international, regional, and national). In Europe, this process is heading towards a more and more intense, two-facetted approximation between the counter-terrorism legislations of the Member States of the European Union: the spontaneous and horizontal harmonisation between those States, and the induced and top-down harmonisation. The anti-terrorist criminal law has been extended and stiffened for preventive if not precautionary purposes, with the aim of facilitating the anticipated intervention of the law enforcement authorities to neutralize the greatest possible number of aspiring terrorists who have committed preparatory acts (or pre-preparatory acts) of possible attacks. However, the completely atypical structure of the terrorist offences with respect to the fundamental principles of the criminal matter, the interference of the same crimes with different fundamental freedoms and the interweaving of substantive criminal law with procedural and administrative provisions, place the legitimacy of these offences in strong doubt. Moreover, beyond its skill to incapacitate individuals for a long time before they harm legal interests and goods, the suitability of the new hyper-radicalized anti-terrorist criminal law to deploy general-preventive mass effects and, especially, to resocialize terrorists is equally controversial. It is therefore necessary to analyse the essential profiles of the new anti-terrorism criminal law in this field in order to identify in which direction (the restricted protection of fundamental rights, the fight against the terrorist type of perpetrator, or the open war against an enemy) the European harmonisation of counter-terrorism criminal law is proceeding. This comparative survey on a European scale also maps the biunivocal relationship between the national and supranational legal sources. This law reforms end up triggering a circular relationship of normative models on a continental scale, which conceals a shared political responsibility between States and supranational organizations for the punitive excesses often denounced by scholars but censored much more rarely by constitutional judges.
La rinnovata emergenza del terrorismo internazionale ha riacceso la percezione di allarme sociale nelle democrazie occidentali. L’inafferrabile fenomeno di portata transnazionale dei foreign fighters e dei lone wolves complica la prevenzione di attentati terroristici e costringe i legislatori a individuare risposte penali adeguate. L’evoluzione del terrorismo jihadista e i recenti attacchi violenti commessi in diverse zone d’Europa hanno dato il via a un processo di riforma delle normative penali antiterrorismo ai diversi livelli ordinamentali (internazionale, regionale e nazionale). Sempre in Europa, questo processo procede nella direzione di un’armonizzazione a due facce sempre più intensa tra le legislazioni di settore degli Stati membri dell’Unione europea: l’armonizzazione spontanea tra Stati europei e quella indotta con efficacia verticale top-down. Il diritto penale antiterrorismo è stato ampliato e irrigidito a scopi preventivi se non addirittura precauzionali, allo scopo di facilitare l’intervento anticipato delle autorità di law enforcement per neutralizzare il maggior numero possibile di aspiranti terroristi che abbiano commesso atti preparatori – o, sempre più spesso, pre-preparatori – di eventuali attentati. Tuttavia, la struttura del tutto atipica dei reati terroristici rispetto ai principi fondamentali della materia penale, l’interferenza con diverse sfere di libertà dell’individuo delle relative fattispecie e l’intreccio di queste ultime con normative processuali e amministrative derogatorie pone la legittimità delle suddette fattispecie in forte dubbio. Inoltre, al di là della sua attitudine a incapacitare a lungo singoli individui prima che essi passino all’azione, risulta altrettanto controversa l’idoneità del nuovo diritto penale antiterrorismo iper-radicalizzato a dispiegare effetti general-preventivi di massa e, soprattutto, a orientare la punizione alla risocializzazione del condannato. Sorge dunque la necessità di analizzare i profili essenziali dei nuovi testi penali in materia per individuare in quale direzione (moderatamente garantista, di lotta contro una tipologia d’autore o di guerra aperta a un nemico) procede l’armonizzazione europea del diritto penale volto al contrasto al terrorismo. Questa indagine comparata su scala europea mappa altresì la relazione biunivoca tra le fonti nazionali e sovranazionali di settore. Tale relazione finisce per innescare una circolarità di modelli normativi su scala continentale che cela una responsabilità politica condivisa tra Stati e organizzazioni sovranazionali per gli eccessi punitivi denunciati di frequente dalla dottrina, ma censurati assai più raramente dai giudici costituzionali.
Il contrasto al terrorismo internazionale nelle fonti penali multilivello. Convergenze normative e modelli circolari
ROSSI, Francesco
2019
Abstract
The renewed emergence of international terrorism has brought a sense of social alarm in Western democracies. The elusive transnational phenomenon of foreign fighters and lone wolves complicates the prevention of terrorist attacks and forces legislators to identify adequate criminal law responses. The evolution of international terrorism and the recent violent attacks committed in different parts of Europe have given rise to a process of criminal law reforms to cope with terrorism at the different levels of the legal system (international, regional, and national). In Europe, this process is heading towards a more and more intense, two-facetted approximation between the counter-terrorism legislations of the Member States of the European Union: the spontaneous and horizontal harmonisation between those States, and the induced and top-down harmonisation. The anti-terrorist criminal law has been extended and stiffened for preventive if not precautionary purposes, with the aim of facilitating the anticipated intervention of the law enforcement authorities to neutralize the greatest possible number of aspiring terrorists who have committed preparatory acts (or pre-preparatory acts) of possible attacks. However, the completely atypical structure of the terrorist offences with respect to the fundamental principles of the criminal matter, the interference of the same crimes with different fundamental freedoms and the interweaving of substantive criminal law with procedural and administrative provisions, place the legitimacy of these offences in strong doubt. Moreover, beyond its skill to incapacitate individuals for a long time before they harm legal interests and goods, the suitability of the new hyper-radicalized anti-terrorist criminal law to deploy general-preventive mass effects and, especially, to resocialize terrorists is equally controversial. It is therefore necessary to analyse the essential profiles of the new anti-terrorism criminal law in this field in order to identify in which direction (the restricted protection of fundamental rights, the fight against the terrorist type of perpetrator, or the open war against an enemy) the European harmonisation of counter-terrorism criminal law is proceeding. This comparative survey on a European scale also maps the biunivocal relationship between the national and supranational legal sources. This law reforms end up triggering a circular relationship of normative models on a continental scale, which conceals a shared political responsibility between States and supranational organizations for the punitive excesses often denounced by scholars but censored much more rarely by constitutional judges.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Il contrasto al terrorismo internazionale nelle fonti penali multilivello.pdf
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