Light regime, water availability and high salt concentrations are generally the main ecological factors modified by habitat fragmentation that could be detrimental to the survival and establishment of poikilohydric organisms such as lichens, causing rapid dehydration, ionic imbalances and the inhibition of photosynthesis. In the Mediterranean basin, coastal juniper habitats, priority habitat for nature conservation (Natura 2000 habitat code 2250), are known to host numerous epiphytic lichens, that living near the seashore need a morphological and chemical organization to adapt or acclimate to extremely variable disturbances. Among them, the macrolichen Seirophora villosa, which consists in a fruticose habitus characterized by the presence of compressed canaliculated laciniae covered by thin hairiness and the absence of secondary surface metabolites. Recently studies, has demonstrated the dependence of S. villosa on undisturbed Juniperus stands suggesting a significant effect of disturbance on the presence of this lichen species. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that S. villosa is only occupying a small part of its colonizable niche because of a very limited propagation ability. Since the presence and abundance of S.villosa are positive indicators of the conservation status of coastal nurseries, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the main ecological variables on the eco-physiology of this species. Our first aim was to investigate whether the habitat structure affects the functional diversity and species richness of lichen communities along a coastal dune system and how affects the presence of S. villosa. Our second aim was to investigate how light regime and water availability affect individual specimens of S. villosa, by studying the relationship between photosynthetic activity and water content to thallus area in different sized. Furthermore, we investigated the role of the thin hairiness on thallus surface characterizing S. villosa to withstand the effects of seawater by continuous exposure to marine aerosol. Our results showed that epiphytic lichens richness and habitat width used as proxy of habitat integrity. Juniperus stands with higher individuals and cover continuity, probably ensuring a major stability of microclimatic factors, supported richer and functionally more differentiated epiphytic lichen communities. In contrast, the presence of S. villosa resulted not directly related to the habitat structure, suggesting a major role of dispersal and establishment capability therefore suggesting a management tailored at the tree-level aimed to the conservation of mature (apotheciate) specimens. However, ongoing research indicate a possible role of microhabitat structure on the abundance of this species. The experiments carried out showed that the size of the thalli influence the water retention capacity of S.villosa species, and consequently influence responses to strong exposure to light. Our outcomes showed that S. villosa are susceptible to sudden increases in light exposure, especially in the case of small specimens, which after photoinhibition exhibited a reduced ability to recover. Moreover, our work evidenced for the first time the relevance of hair as a strategic morphological trait in lichens to face extreme environments. Our results suggest that hair could offer a passive, but selective, water control. Furthermore, hair could repel the salt dissolved in water, by activating a passive resistance mechanism, a real avoidance of stress, which by not allowing salt to enter, allows the thallus to tolerate the presence of salt. In conclusion, from a conservation point it would be necessary to preserve all the growth stages of the population, providing a suitable habitat for the larger thalli that have the role of propagate the species and for the smaller ones giving them the opportunity to colonize and establish in fragment habitat without being photohinbited.

Questo progetto mira a studiare l’ecologia e la fisiologia di Seirophora villosa (Ach.) Frödén, specie epifita ritenuta in via di regressione a causa di una sempre più avanzata frammentazione del suo habitat preferenziale, il ginepreto costiero, habitat prioritario secondo la Direttiva 92/43 CEE (2250* “Dune costiere con Juniperus spp.”). La degradazione e la perdita dell’habitat in effetti sono ritenute le principali cause del declino delle popolazioni di S. villosa e recenti studi hanno evidenziato una correlazione positiva fra superficie locale dell’habitat e abbondanza di S. villosa. Tuttavia è stato dimostrato che, anche in situazioni ottimali, S. villosa non occupa tutto l’areale disponibile suggerendo una possibile implicazione di fattori ecologico/biologici limitanti la sua dispersione. Da queste considerazioni nasce questa ricerca che si propone di indagare sia a livello di popolazione che di individuo le caratteristiche che determinano la distribuzione di questa specie. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi abbiamo proceduto sia con esperimenti in campo che in laboratorio. In campo sono state valutate le relazioni che intercorrono fra le variabili strutturali del ginepreto e la diversità funzionale e specifica delle comunità licheniche epifite che lo ospitano e in particolare la relazione fra struttura dell’habitat e presenza di S. villosa. In laboratorio, sono stati indagati gli effetti delle principali variabili ecologiche sulla eco-fisiologia della specie al fine di caratterizzarne la nicchia ecologica. Abbiamo valutato le risposte fisiologiche della specie a cambiamenti di disponibilità della risorsa idrica e luminosa, in relazione alla dimensione dei talli. Inoltre, abbiamo indagato su di un carattere morfologico peculiare di questa specie, la pelosità del tallo, ipotizzando che questo carattere ricopra un ruolo primario nelle performance eco-fisiologiche della specie. Per indagare su questo aspetto abbiamo investigato eventuali meccanismi biochimici e fisiologici che la specie mette in atto per rispondere ed adattarsi alla presenza/assenza del pelo in superficie durante un ciclo di disidratazione e in presenza di stress salino. I risultati ottenuti dagli esperimenti a livello di popolazione mostrano che effettivamente un ginepreto continuo e strutturato porta ad una varietà e stabilità di microhabitat che supporta una forte differenziazione floristica e funzionale della comunità lichenica che lo ospita. Per quanto riguarda S.villosa, i nostri risultati confermano gli studi pregressi, evidenziando che le pratiche conservazionistiche per questa specie devono essere estese ad una scala ridotta, a livello di albero. I risultati di laboratorio mostrano che le dimensioni dei talli influiscono sulla capacità di ritenzione idrica dei questa specie; i campioni di S.villosa sono suscettibili ad una forte radiazione luminosa in particolare se questa è protratta nel tempo, in particolare i talli più piccoli che una volta fotoinibiti manifestano un’abilità di recupero piuttosto ridotta. Inoltre, i risultati confermano le nostre ipotesi a presenza dei peli sul tallo di S.villosa è risultato essere un tratto morfologico strategico per le performances di questa specie. La presenza del pelo offre un meccanismo passivo ma selettivo dell’acqua, regolandone l’assorbimento e la repulsione. Allo stesso tempo, aziona un meccanismo di resistenza passivo, di elusione dello stress, permettendo di tollerare la presenza di sale, in quanto ne impedisce l’entrata all’interno del tallo lichenico. Da un punto di vista pratico la conservazione della specie dovrebbe essere attuata garantendo le condizioni ideali a tutti gli stadi di crescita (ad esempio proteggere i propaguli dalla fotoinibizione). In caso di necessità di intervento valutare su scala locale la dinamica di popolazione e utilizzare questo dato per selezionare le aree e gli arbusti sui quali effettuare gli interventi.

Seirophora villosa (Ach.) Frödén: a multidisciplinary investigation on morphology, ecophysiology and ecology

BIANCHI, Elisabetta
2019

Abstract

Light regime, water availability and high salt concentrations are generally the main ecological factors modified by habitat fragmentation that could be detrimental to the survival and establishment of poikilohydric organisms such as lichens, causing rapid dehydration, ionic imbalances and the inhibition of photosynthesis. In the Mediterranean basin, coastal juniper habitats, priority habitat for nature conservation (Natura 2000 habitat code 2250), are known to host numerous epiphytic lichens, that living near the seashore need a morphological and chemical organization to adapt or acclimate to extremely variable disturbances. Among them, the macrolichen Seirophora villosa, which consists in a fruticose habitus characterized by the presence of compressed canaliculated laciniae covered by thin hairiness and the absence of secondary surface metabolites. Recently studies, has demonstrated the dependence of S. villosa on undisturbed Juniperus stands suggesting a significant effect of disturbance on the presence of this lichen species. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that S. villosa is only occupying a small part of its colonizable niche because of a very limited propagation ability. Since the presence and abundance of S.villosa are positive indicators of the conservation status of coastal nurseries, our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the main ecological variables on the eco-physiology of this species. Our first aim was to investigate whether the habitat structure affects the functional diversity and species richness of lichen communities along a coastal dune system and how affects the presence of S. villosa. Our second aim was to investigate how light regime and water availability affect individual specimens of S. villosa, by studying the relationship between photosynthetic activity and water content to thallus area in different sized. Furthermore, we investigated the role of the thin hairiness on thallus surface characterizing S. villosa to withstand the effects of seawater by continuous exposure to marine aerosol. Our results showed that epiphytic lichens richness and habitat width used as proxy of habitat integrity. Juniperus stands with higher individuals and cover continuity, probably ensuring a major stability of microclimatic factors, supported richer and functionally more differentiated epiphytic lichen communities. In contrast, the presence of S. villosa resulted not directly related to the habitat structure, suggesting a major role of dispersal and establishment capability therefore suggesting a management tailored at the tree-level aimed to the conservation of mature (apotheciate) specimens. However, ongoing research indicate a possible role of microhabitat structure on the abundance of this species. The experiments carried out showed that the size of the thalli influence the water retention capacity of S.villosa species, and consequently influence responses to strong exposure to light. Our outcomes showed that S. villosa are susceptible to sudden increases in light exposure, especially in the case of small specimens, which after photoinhibition exhibited a reduced ability to recover. Moreover, our work evidenced for the first time the relevance of hair as a strategic morphological trait in lichens to face extreme environments. Our results suggest that hair could offer a passive, but selective, water control. Furthermore, hair could repel the salt dissolved in water, by activating a passive resistance mechanism, a real avoidance of stress, which by not allowing salt to enter, allows the thallus to tolerate the presence of salt. In conclusion, from a conservation point it would be necessary to preserve all the growth stages of the population, providing a suitable habitat for the larger thalli that have the role of propagate the species and for the smaller ones giving them the opportunity to colonize and establish in fragment habitat without being photohinbited.
PAPINI, Alessio
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487955
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