Breast Cancer (BC) is still the leading cause of cancer-related death for women worldwide. It was the pioneer of personalized medicine in oncology, given that hormone receptors and HER2 status have been used as predictive factors for targeted Endocrine Therapy (ET) or anti-HER2 treatment. Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in 60-70% of BCs and the availability of anti-AR compounds, used for the treatment of prostate cancer, opens the possibility to treat AR-positive BC patients. However, AR prognostic and predictive role in BC is still undefined. The purposes of this study are the analysis of AR expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) samples, primary invasive breast tumors and metastases, and the assessment of the prognostic and predictive role of the ratios AR/ER and AR/PgR, since the interplay between steroid hormone receptors is not fully understood yet. Furthermore, given that only few data are available on African tumors, we analyzed Tanzanian invasive BCs comparing AR expression with the Italian case series. The studies were carried out on DCIS and BC patients enrolled from 2000 to 2011 in clinical and/or biological protocols at IRST-IRCCS (Meldola, Italy). We compared the biological characteristics of 69 Tanzanian patients from Mwanza with Italian patients, matched 1:2 for date and age at diagnosis. Immunostaining for conventional biomarkers and AR and its major phosphorylated forms was performed using the Ventana BenchmarkXT staining system. AR gene copy number was assessed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. Chi square or Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate the relationship between categorical variables and the relapse status or best response. Spearman’s correlation was used for biomarkers considered as continuous variables. The biomarker accuracy was measured using the Area Under the Curve (AUC). The prognostic role of biomarkers with Hazard ratio and their 95% Confidence Interval were analyzed using Cox proportional regression models. Overall Survival, Time To Progression and Recurrence-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. All p values, based on two-sided testing, < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We observed an AR/ER ratio statistically higher in DCIS relapsed patients with high AUC values of 92% and 80%, independently of the treatment (surgery and surgery + radiotherapy). AR was found to be more frequently expressed in luminal than the other subtypes, both in primary tumors and metastases. An overall concordance of AR detection between primary tumors and metastases of about 65% was found. AR/ER ratio in luminal invasive primary tumor is not associated with prognosis, but a significantly worse prognosis was observed when AR/PgR and ER/PgR were high. A high AR/PgR ratio in luminal tumors seemed a prognostically unfavorable marker. AR expression did not predict the efficacy of first-line ET in ER- or PgR-positive advanced BC, whereas PgR and Ki67 seemed to be more useful. AR expression in Tanzanian BC patients was lower than in Caucasian population, in terms of % of immunopositive tumor cells and staining intensity. The poor activity of DHEA in the ARTT trial may partly be due to heavy pretreatment, which may have compromised hormone sensitivity of patients. AR gene amplification present in the only patient who showed a prolonged clinical benefit prompted to hypothesize the potential value of AR gene amplification in predicting response to androgenic treatments in BC. AR could represent a valid prognostic and therapeutic target that should be routinely tested by IHC, together with the conventional hormone receptors. The information on AR status could be useful in the DCIS subset to predict relapse, in Tanzanian BCs to consider anti-AR drugs as therapeutic option, in primary and metastatic BC to calculate ratios able to determine the risk of recurrence.

Il tumore al seno è ancora la principale causa di morte per cancro nelle donne in tutto il mondo. Il tumore della mammella si può definire come il contesto pioniere della medicina personalizzata in oncologia, dato che i recettori ormonali e lo stato di HER2 sono da sempre marcatori predittivi per terapie mirate. Il recettore degli androgeni (AR) è espresso circa nel 60-70% dei tumori mammari, e la disponibilità di farmaci specifici usati per il trattamento del carcinoma prostatico, offre la possibilità di trattare anche pazienti con tumore al seno AR positivo. Tuttavia, il suo ruolo prognostico e predittivo in questa malattia rimane da chiarire. Gli scopi di questo studio sono l'analisi dell'espressione di AR sia in carcinomi in situ (DCIS), sia in tumori invasivi, analizzando primitivi e metastasi, unitamente alla valutazione del ruolo prognostico e predittivo dei rapporti AR/ER e AR/PgR. Inoltre, pochi dati sono disponibili sui tumori africani, quindi abbiamo confrontato l'espressione di AR tra casi italiani e tanzanesi. Gli studi sono stati condotti su pazienti con tumori in situ e tumori invasivi, arruolati dal 2000 al 2011 in protocolli clinico-biologici presso l’IRST di Meldola. L'analisi immunoistochimica per l’espressione dei biomarcatori convenzionali, AR e le sue forme fosforilate, è stata eseguita con il sistema Ventana BenchmarkXT. Il numero di copie del gene AR è stato valutato con ibridazione in situ fluorescente. Sono stati utilizzati i test del Chi quadro e di Fisher per valutare la relazione tra variabili categoriche e lo stato di ricaduta o la migliore risposta dei pazienti alla terapia. La correlazione di Spearman è stata utilizzata per i biomarcatori considerati variabili continue. L'accuratezza è stata misurata utilizzando l'area sotto la curva ROC (AUC). La sopravvivenza globale, il tempo di progressione e la sopravvivenza libera da recidiva sono stati stimati usando il metodo di Kaplan-Meier. I valori p <0,05 sono stati considerati come statisticamente significativi. Il rapporto AR/ER ratio è risultato statisticamente più alto nei pazienti con tumori in situ recidivati, con un valore di AUC del 92% nei casi trattatati con sola chirurgia e dell’80%, nei casi trattati anche con radioterapia. AR risulta più espresso nei sottotipi luminali sia nei tumori primitivi che nelle metastasi. La concordanza tra questi ultimi per la positività ad AR è del 65%. Il rapporto AR/ER nei tumori primitivi luminali non è associato alla prognosi, che invece è peggiore per i casi con un alto rapporto AR/PgR. AR non sembra utile nel predire la risposta alla terapia endocrina per i tumori luminali avanzati, dove invece un basso PgR e un alto Ki67 sono marcatori sfavorevoli. L'espressione di AR nelle pazienti africane è inferiore rispetto alla popolazione caucasica, sia in termini di percentuale di cellule tumorali positive, che di intensità di colorazione. La scarsa attività del deidroepiandrosterone nello studio “ARTT” può essere stata compromessa dal pesante pretrattamento che hanno subito le pazienti. L'amplificazione di AR, presente solo nel tumore della paziente che ha mostrato un beneficio clinico, potrebbe essere un marcatore predittivo di risposta al trattamento con androgeni. AR potrebbe essere un marcatore prognostico e un valido target terapeutico, che dovrebbe essere regolarmente testato insieme ai recettori ormonali convenzionali. Le informazioni sullo stato di AR potrebbero essere utili sia nel contesto dei tumori in situ sia di quelli invasivi, per calcolare i rapporti AR/ER ed AR/PgR, utili nel prevedere l’andamento della malattia. Testare l’espressione di AR nei tumori tanzanesi porterebbe ad individuare una popolazione candidabile ai trattamenti con farmaci anti-AR.

Role of Androgen Receptor biomarker in breast cancer: a translational study from in situ to invasive carcinoma

-
2020

Abstract

Breast Cancer (BC) is still the leading cause of cancer-related death for women worldwide. It was the pioneer of personalized medicine in oncology, given that hormone receptors and HER2 status have been used as predictive factors for targeted Endocrine Therapy (ET) or anti-HER2 treatment. Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in 60-70% of BCs and the availability of anti-AR compounds, used for the treatment of prostate cancer, opens the possibility to treat AR-positive BC patients. However, AR prognostic and predictive role in BC is still undefined. The purposes of this study are the analysis of AR expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) samples, primary invasive breast tumors and metastases, and the assessment of the prognostic and predictive role of the ratios AR/ER and AR/PgR, since the interplay between steroid hormone receptors is not fully understood yet. Furthermore, given that only few data are available on African tumors, we analyzed Tanzanian invasive BCs comparing AR expression with the Italian case series. The studies were carried out on DCIS and BC patients enrolled from 2000 to 2011 in clinical and/or biological protocols at IRST-IRCCS (Meldola, Italy). We compared the biological characteristics of 69 Tanzanian patients from Mwanza with Italian patients, matched 1:2 for date and age at diagnosis. Immunostaining for conventional biomarkers and AR and its major phosphorylated forms was performed using the Ventana BenchmarkXT staining system. AR gene copy number was assessed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. Chi square or Fisher exact tests were used to evaluate the relationship between categorical variables and the relapse status or best response. Spearman’s correlation was used for biomarkers considered as continuous variables. The biomarker accuracy was measured using the Area Under the Curve (AUC). The prognostic role of biomarkers with Hazard ratio and their 95% Confidence Interval were analyzed using Cox proportional regression models. Overall Survival, Time To Progression and Recurrence-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. All p values, based on two-sided testing, < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We observed an AR/ER ratio statistically higher in DCIS relapsed patients with high AUC values of 92% and 80%, independently of the treatment (surgery and surgery + radiotherapy). AR was found to be more frequently expressed in luminal than the other subtypes, both in primary tumors and metastases. An overall concordance of AR detection between primary tumors and metastases of about 65% was found. AR/ER ratio in luminal invasive primary tumor is not associated with prognosis, but a significantly worse prognosis was observed when AR/PgR and ER/PgR were high. A high AR/PgR ratio in luminal tumors seemed a prognostically unfavorable marker. AR expression did not predict the efficacy of first-line ET in ER- or PgR-positive advanced BC, whereas PgR and Ki67 seemed to be more useful. AR expression in Tanzanian BC patients was lower than in Caucasian population, in terms of % of immunopositive tumor cells and staining intensity. The poor activity of DHEA in the ARTT trial may partly be due to heavy pretreatment, which may have compromised hormone sensitivity of patients. AR gene amplification present in the only patient who showed a prolonged clinical benefit prompted to hypothesize the potential value of AR gene amplification in predicting response to androgenic treatments in BC. AR could represent a valid prognostic and therapeutic target that should be routinely tested by IHC, together with the conventional hormone receptors. The information on AR status could be useful in the DCIS subset to predict relapse, in Tanzanian BCs to consider anti-AR drugs as therapeutic option, in primary and metastatic BC to calculate ratios able to determine the risk of recurrence.
RAVAIOLI, SARA
MARCONI, Peggy Carla Raffaella
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487881
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