Cancers of Unknown Primary origin (CUPs) comprise a heterogeneous group of rare aggressive metastatic tumors in which standard diagnostic workup fails to identify the primary site. The lack of a defined tissue-of-origin (TOO) precludes CUP patients from accessing to therapeutic options or clinical trial, and have a dismal prognosis. Moreover, as recently reported, CUPs presents potentially actionable alterations for which targeted therapies or immunotherapy could be proposed. However, CUP genetic testing is hampered by the paucity of tumor biopsy material after the extensive diagnostic workup and the lack of CUP-dedicated commercial gene panels for target sequencing. In this study, we applied a pre-determined set of 89 microRNAs to predict the TOO of metastatic cancers, including 53 CUP samples. The miRNA expression was assessed with Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) in 159 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues samples, including primary tumors from 17 tumor classes (reference set), metastases of known origin (test set) and CUPs. Using two different statistical models for class prediction, specifically PAMR and LASSO, we successfully obtained a molecular prediction for all the FFPE samples tested. The most frequently predicted TOO were gastrointestinal, pancreas, breast, lung and bile duct. The assay was applied also to synchronous and metachronous multiple metastases derived from the same CUP patient: the predictions showed a strong agreement, intrinsically validating our assay. Final molecular predictions were also compared with the first clinical and/or pathological hypotheses of a primary site, when available. Moreover, our analysis reported also 13 miRNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers of CUP patients. In the second part of the study, we analyzed the potential utility of liquid biopsy for the genetic characterization of two prospective CUP patients, using both circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA), to identify druggable alterations. CTCs, isolated from CUPs’ blood samples using the CELLSEARCH®/ DEPArray™ NxT and Parsortix systems, were immunophenotypically characterized and used for single-cell genomic characterization with Ampli1™ kits. In addition, ccfDNA was purified from longitudinal plasma samples for genetic testing using a CUP-dedicated, 92-gene custom panel and SureSelect Target Enrichment technology. Parallely, the bulk tumor DNA was analyzed with three different NGS panels: FoundationOne CDx assay (F1CDx), the DEPArray OncoSeek Panel, and the SureSelect custom panel. When the gene or region was covered by the panel, we obtained high concordance in the mutations detected, except for an insertion in APC gene which was not observed by F1CDx. Amplifications in FGFR2 and CCNE1 genes were identified in single CTCs, tumor tissue and ccfDNAs in one patient. A point mutation in ARID1A gene (p.R1276*) was detected in the bulk tumor DNA and ccfDNAs. The alterations were validated by ddPCR in all ccfDNA samples collected during tumor evolution. CTCs analysis from a second patient exhibited a recurrent pattern of amplifications in ASPM and SEPT9 genes and deletion of FANCC. The SureSelect custom panel reported 16 somatic alterations in ccfDNA, including a deletion (I1485Rfs*19) and a somatic mutation (p. A1487V) in ARID1A gene and a point mutation in FGFR2 gene (p.G384R). Our study demonstrated that miRNA expression profiling in CUP samples could be can be performed on demand, in association with standard diagnostic workup, to offer valuable indications about the possible primary site. Such molecular tool, combined with liquid biopsy approaches to identify druggable genetic alterations, could assist treatment decisions, offer novel therapeutic options for CUP patients, and potentially prolong their life expectancy.

I tumori di origine primaria sconosciuta (cancer of unknown primary site, CUP) sono un gruppo eterogeneo di tumori metastatici rari e aggressivi in cui l’iter diagnostico fallisce nell’individuare il tumore primario. La mancanza di un sito primario noto ne impedisce l’accesso a diversi tipi di terapia e trial clinici, e la loro prognosi è infausta. I CUP presentano alterazioni che potrebbero renderli eligibili a terapie mirate o immunoterapia. Tuttavia, l’analisi mutazionale nei pazienti CUP è spesso ostacolata dalla scarsità di materiale e dalla mancanza di disponibilità di pannelli genici dedicati. In questo studio, abbiamo analizzato il profilo di 89 microRNA (miRNA) per dedurre il sito di origine dei tumori metastatici, inclusi 53 campioni CUP. L'espressione dei miRNA è stata misurata mediante tecnologia Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) in 159 campioni fissati in formalina ed inclusi in paraffina (FFPE), che includevano tumori primari appartenenti a 17 classi tumorali (set di riferimento), metastasi di origine nota e CUP. Utilizzando due diversi modelli statistici per la predizione del sito di origine, in particolare PAMR e LASSO, abbiamo predetto con successo il sito d’origine di tutti i campioni FFPE testati. Le sedi primarie più predette sono state tratto gastrointestinale, pancreas, seno, polmone e dotto biliare. Il test è stato applicato anche a metastasi multiple sincrone e metacrone derivanti dallo stesso paziente CUP: le previsioni hanno mostrato un forte accordo, convalidando intrinsecamente il nostro test. Le predizioni molecolari sono state poi confrontate con le prime ipotesi cliniche e/o patologiche del sito d’origine, ove disponibili. La nostra analisi ha inoltre individuato 13 miRNA come potenziali biomarcatori prognostici dei pazienti CUP. Nella seconda parte dello studio, abbiamo applicato la biopsia liquida per la caratterizzazione genetica di due pazienti CUP, utilizzando sia cellule tumorali circolanti (CTC) che DNA libero circolante (ccfDNA), per identificare alterazioni genetiche che li rendano eligibili a terapie mirate. Le CTC, isolate dai campioni di sangue dei pazienti CUP utilizzando i sistemi CELLSEARCH/DEPArray e Parsortix, sono state caratterizzate immunofenotipicamente e utilizzate per l’analisi genomica a singola cellula. Inoltre, il ccfDNA è stato purificato da campioni longitudinali di plasma per l’analisi genetica utilizzando un pannello personalizzato di 92 geni dedicato ai CUP mediante tecnologia SureSelect di Target Enrichment. Parallelamente, il DNA del tumore è stato analizzato con tramite FoundationOne CDx (F1CDx), DEPArray OncoSeek e SureSelect. Quando il gene o la regione erano coperti dal pannello, abbiamo ottenuto un'elevata concordanza nelle mutazioni rilevate, fatta eccezione per una inserzione in APC che non è stata osservato da F1CDx. In un paziente abbiamo identificato l’amplificazione in FGFR2 e CCNE1 nelle CTC, nel DNA tumorale e nei ccfDNA. Inoltre, la mutazione in ARID1A (p.R1276*) è stata riscontrata nel DNA tumorale e nei ccfDNA. Le alterazioni sono state validate mediante ddPCR in tutti i campioni di ccfDNA raccolti longitudinalmente durante il decorso della malattia. L'analisi delle CTC di un secondo paziente ha mostrato pattern ricorrenti di amplificazione nei geni ASPM e SEPT9 e delezione in FANCC. SureSelect ha individuato 16 alterazioni nel ccfDNA, tra cui una delezione (I1485Rfs*19) e una mutazione (p. A1487V) in ARID1A e una in FGFR2 (p.G384R). Il nostro studio ha dimostrato che il profilo di espressione dei miRNA nei campioni CUP può essere eseguito su richiesta, in associazione con il workup diagnostico standard, per offrire preziose indicazioni sul possibile sito primario. Tale strumento molecolare, combinato con approcci di biopsia liquida per l’analisi mutazionale, potrebbe supportare le decisioni terapeutiche, offrire nuove opzioni di trattamento per i pazienti CUP e potenzialmente migliorare la loro aspettativa di vita.

Novel molecular and genetic approaches to support the clinical management of Cancers of Unknown Primary (CUPs)

-
2022

Abstract

Cancers of Unknown Primary origin (CUPs) comprise a heterogeneous group of rare aggressive metastatic tumors in which standard diagnostic workup fails to identify the primary site. The lack of a defined tissue-of-origin (TOO) precludes CUP patients from accessing to therapeutic options or clinical trial, and have a dismal prognosis. Moreover, as recently reported, CUPs presents potentially actionable alterations for which targeted therapies or immunotherapy could be proposed. However, CUP genetic testing is hampered by the paucity of tumor biopsy material after the extensive diagnostic workup and the lack of CUP-dedicated commercial gene panels for target sequencing. In this study, we applied a pre-determined set of 89 microRNAs to predict the TOO of metastatic cancers, including 53 CUP samples. The miRNA expression was assessed with Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) in 159 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues samples, including primary tumors from 17 tumor classes (reference set), metastases of known origin (test set) and CUPs. Using two different statistical models for class prediction, specifically PAMR and LASSO, we successfully obtained a molecular prediction for all the FFPE samples tested. The most frequently predicted TOO were gastrointestinal, pancreas, breast, lung and bile duct. The assay was applied also to synchronous and metachronous multiple metastases derived from the same CUP patient: the predictions showed a strong agreement, intrinsically validating our assay. Final molecular predictions were also compared with the first clinical and/or pathological hypotheses of a primary site, when available. Moreover, our analysis reported also 13 miRNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers of CUP patients. In the second part of the study, we analyzed the potential utility of liquid biopsy for the genetic characterization of two prospective CUP patients, using both circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA), to identify druggable alterations. CTCs, isolated from CUPs’ blood samples using the CELLSEARCH®/ DEPArray™ NxT and Parsortix systems, were immunophenotypically characterized and used for single-cell genomic characterization with Ampli1™ kits. In addition, ccfDNA was purified from longitudinal plasma samples for genetic testing using a CUP-dedicated, 92-gene custom panel and SureSelect Target Enrichment technology. Parallely, the bulk tumor DNA was analyzed with three different NGS panels: FoundationOne CDx assay (F1CDx), the DEPArray OncoSeek Panel, and the SureSelect custom panel. When the gene or region was covered by the panel, we obtained high concordance in the mutations detected, except for an insertion in APC gene which was not observed by F1CDx. Amplifications in FGFR2 and CCNE1 genes were identified in single CTCs, tumor tissue and ccfDNAs in one patient. A point mutation in ARID1A gene (p.R1276*) was detected in the bulk tumor DNA and ccfDNAs. The alterations were validated by ddPCR in all ccfDNA samples collected during tumor evolution. CTCs analysis from a second patient exhibited a recurrent pattern of amplifications in ASPM and SEPT9 genes and deletion of FANCC. The SureSelect custom panel reported 16 somatic alterations in ccfDNA, including a deletion (I1485Rfs*19) and a somatic mutation (p. A1487V) in ARID1A gene and a point mutation in FGFR2 gene (p.G384R). Our study demonstrated that miRNA expression profiling in CUP samples could be can be performed on demand, in association with standard diagnostic workup, to offer valuable indications about the possible primary site. Such molecular tool, combined with liquid biopsy approaches to identify druggable genetic alterations, could assist treatment decisions, offer novel therapeutic options for CUP patients, and potentially prolong their life expectancy.
LAPROVITERA, NOEMI
SABBIONI, Silvia
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2481325
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