Due to the strong relation among structure, chemical composition and properties, zeolites are suitable for a wide spectrum of applications. Among these, environmental remediation processes and catalysis mostly take advantage of zeolite properties; in these fields, strong catalytic activity and high sorption capacity are the main prerequisite. Catalytic activity depends on zeolites acidity and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) is a powerful tool to probe the presence of Brønsted acid sites. In situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (S-XRPD) allows both the monitoring of the progressive catalyst activation and the prediction of the catalyst behaviour under operating conditions. XAS spectroscopy provides information on local geometry distortions, derived from the insertion of framework heteroatoms, and/or type and coordination number of extraframework atomic neighbours in cation-exchanged zeolites. Sorption properties are strongly affected by pores dimension and geometry, and the diffusion of guest compounds is allowed only in case of comparable dimensions. Nowadays, fractionation and purification of amino acids are two of the most employed processes in the food technology. Applying zeolites as sorbent materials in this field is leading to significant advantages in terms of products loss reduction during the foreseen processes. In both catalytic and sorptive processes, medium and large pores have proved of being extremely efficient. Hence, in this thesis, two medium pores (i.e., ZSM-5 and ferrierite) and three large pores (i.e., L, mordenite and omega) zeolites were selected to study catalytic properties and/or adsorption capacity towards the L-lysine amino acid, selected as representative of the α-amino acid class. Whether possible, a multidisciplinary approach of investigation was employed. In particular, as-synthesized ZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratio were firstly characterized through in situ S-XRPD to study the activation process. Then, activated ZSM-5 (different Si/Al ratio) were investigated, with the same experimental approach, to determine thermal stability and framework flexibility. Two samples of ZSM-5 were then selected to study adsorption capacity towards the L-lysine amino acid through S-XRPD and adsorption studies. As concern the zeolite L, as-synthesized, ND4 precursor and acidic forms were characterized through NPD (in case of acidic L, a computational modeling was also performed) to provide insights on the amount and location of both aluminium and Brønsted acid sites. Then the acidic form was investigated through in situ S-XRPD to study the evolution of the structural features upon heating and the formation of Lewis sites. In addition, the as-synthesized L was tested as sorbent material towards the L-lysine compound, combining adsorption studies, S-XRPD and NPD to quantify the adsorbed molecule and provide information of the host-guest interactions. Omega zeolite in its NH4-form was studied through in situ S-XRPD to follow its progressive activation, and then through NPD when in acid form, to localize Brønsted acid sites. Finally, zeolite L, ferrierite and mordenite in their Ga-exchanged form were investigated combining XRPD from laboratory source, adsorption studies and XAS spectroscopy to determine position and amount of extraframework Ga+3 and its possible occurrence in the framework positions. All the results gained from the zeolitic systems here investigated represent an attempt to provide information on catalytic and adsorption properties and therefore, on thermal stability and cation exchange capacity, of the most commonly studied zeolites. Indeed, the investigation of both structural features and properties is fundamental to switch from experimental studies to practical uses and drive a rational selection of the material in agreement with its designated use.

La stretta relazione tra struttura, composizione chimica e proprietà, rende le zeoliti idonee per numerose applicazioni. Il disinquinamento ambientale e la catalisi sono i settori in cui vengono maggiormente impiegate e per i quali sono richiesti elevate attività catalitica e capacità di adsorbimento. L’attività catalitica dipende dall’acidità della zeolite e la diffrazione neutronica (NPD) è fondamentale per determinare la presenza dei siti acidi di Brønsted. La diffrazione a raggi X in situ da sincrotrone (S-XRPD) permette di monitorare in tempo reale l’attivazione del catalizzatore e di investigarne il comportamento in temperatura. La spettroscopia XAS fornisce informazioni relative a distorsioni geometriche locali, derivanti dall’inserimento di eteroatomi nel framework e/o dallo scambio di cationi extraframework. Le proprietà di adsorbimento dipendono invece da dimensioni e geometria dei pori che limitano la diffusione di molecole ospiti all’interno del framework. Attualmente, frazionamento e separazione degli aminoacidi sono i processi maggiormente utilizzati nella food technology. L’utilizzo di zeoliti come materiali adsorbenti in tale settore risulta vantaggioso in termini di loss reduction durante i processi. Nell’ambito catalitico e ambientale, le zeoliti medium e large pores hanno provato di essere estremamente performanti. Sulla base di ciò, per la presente tesi sono state selezionate due medium pores (i.e., ZSM-5 e ferrierite) e tre large pores (i.e., L, mordenite ed omega) per studiarne proprietà catalitiche e/o capacità di adsorbimento (verso l’aminoacido L-lisina). Quando possibile, è stato utilizzato un approccio investigativo multidisciplinare. In particolare, campioni di ZSM-5 tal quale a diverso rapporto Si/Al sono stati prima caratterizzati tramite S-XRPD in situ per studiare il processo di attivazione. Successivamente, campioni di ZSM-5 già attivati (diverso rapporto Si/Al) sono stati studiati con il medesimo approccio sperimentale per determinare stabilità termica e flessibilità del framework. Tra questi campioni, due sono stati selezionati per determinare le capacità di adsorbimento dell’aminoacido L-lisina tramite S-XRPD e studi di adsorbimento. Successivamente, la zeolite L è stata caratterizzata tramite NPD nella forma tal quale, scambiata con ND4 ed acida (sul campione in forma acida sono stati eseguiti inoltre prove di modelling computazionale) per determinare contenuto e distribuzione di Al+3 e siti acidi di Brønsted. La forma di idrogeno è stata poi analizzata tramite S-XRPD in situ per determinare le variazioni strutturali e la formazione di siti acidi di Lewis. La zeolite L in forma tal quale è stata successivamente testata per l’adsorbimento di L-lisina tramite studi di adsorbimento, NPD e S-XRPD, per determinare il contenuto extraframework ed ottenere indicazioni relative alle interazioni host-guest. La zeolite omega nella forma NH4 è stata prima caratterizzata tramite S-XRPD in situ per monitorare la progressiva attivazione del precursore e, successivamente, tramite NPD eseguita sul campione in forma acida, per determinare distribuzione e concentrazione dei siti acidi. Infine zeolite L, ferrierite e mordenite scambiate con il Ga+3 sono state analizzate tramite XRPD da sorgente convenzionale, studi di adsorbimento e spettroscopia XAS per determinare il contenuto di Ga+3 extraframework e la presenza del catione nel framework. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti dal presente studio rappresentano un tentativo di fornire informazioni relative a proprietà catalitiche e di adsorbimento e conseguentemente, a stabilità termica e capacità di scambio cationico, di alcune delle zeoliti più comunemente studiate. Un’indagine strutturale approfondita è infatti fondamentale per passare da uno studio sperimentale ad un’applicazione pratica e per guidare un’accurata selezione dei materiali in funzione del loro utilizzo.

Multipore zelolites for environmental and catalytic applications: a structural fingerprint of "molecular traffic controllers"

BELTRAMI, GIADA
2020

Abstract

Due to the strong relation among structure, chemical composition and properties, zeolites are suitable for a wide spectrum of applications. Among these, environmental remediation processes and catalysis mostly take advantage of zeolite properties; in these fields, strong catalytic activity and high sorption capacity are the main prerequisite. Catalytic activity depends on zeolites acidity and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) is a powerful tool to probe the presence of Brønsted acid sites. In situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (S-XRPD) allows both the monitoring of the progressive catalyst activation and the prediction of the catalyst behaviour under operating conditions. XAS spectroscopy provides information on local geometry distortions, derived from the insertion of framework heteroatoms, and/or type and coordination number of extraframework atomic neighbours in cation-exchanged zeolites. Sorption properties are strongly affected by pores dimension and geometry, and the diffusion of guest compounds is allowed only in case of comparable dimensions. Nowadays, fractionation and purification of amino acids are two of the most employed processes in the food technology. Applying zeolites as sorbent materials in this field is leading to significant advantages in terms of products loss reduction during the foreseen processes. In both catalytic and sorptive processes, medium and large pores have proved of being extremely efficient. Hence, in this thesis, two medium pores (i.e., ZSM-5 and ferrierite) and three large pores (i.e., L, mordenite and omega) zeolites were selected to study catalytic properties and/or adsorption capacity towards the L-lysine amino acid, selected as representative of the α-amino acid class. Whether possible, a multidisciplinary approach of investigation was employed. In particular, as-synthesized ZSM-5 with different Si/Al ratio were firstly characterized through in situ S-XRPD to study the activation process. Then, activated ZSM-5 (different Si/Al ratio) were investigated, with the same experimental approach, to determine thermal stability and framework flexibility. Two samples of ZSM-5 were then selected to study adsorption capacity towards the L-lysine amino acid through S-XRPD and adsorption studies. As concern the zeolite L, as-synthesized, ND4 precursor and acidic forms were characterized through NPD (in case of acidic L, a computational modeling was also performed) to provide insights on the amount and location of both aluminium and Brønsted acid sites. Then the acidic form was investigated through in situ S-XRPD to study the evolution of the structural features upon heating and the formation of Lewis sites. In addition, the as-synthesized L was tested as sorbent material towards the L-lysine compound, combining adsorption studies, S-XRPD and NPD to quantify the adsorbed molecule and provide information of the host-guest interactions. Omega zeolite in its NH4-form was studied through in situ S-XRPD to follow its progressive activation, and then through NPD when in acid form, to localize Brønsted acid sites. Finally, zeolite L, ferrierite and mordenite in their Ga-exchanged form were investigated combining XRPD from laboratory source, adsorption studies and XAS spectroscopy to determine position and amount of extraframework Ga+3 and its possible occurrence in the framework positions. All the results gained from the zeolitic systems here investigated represent an attempt to provide information on catalytic and adsorption properties and therefore, on thermal stability and cation exchange capacity, of the most commonly studied zeolites. Indeed, the investigation of both structural features and properties is fundamental to switch from experimental studies to practical uses and drive a rational selection of the material in agreement with its designated use.
MARTUCCI, Annalisa
ARDIT, Matteo
COLTORTI, Massimo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478841
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