The skin is the largest organ in the human body and it represents an important site for absorption of numerous molecules. Hence, the topical administration of drugs is an attractive way for the treatment of many local and systemic pathologies, displaying many advantages compared to the traditional oral and parenteral administration routes. Conventional topical preparations possess several limitations in the delivery of a drug molecule into systemic circulation, thus drug delivery systems characterized by micro and nano dimensions have been considered. The main advantages achieved with the development of novel carries are the targeted delivery and the enhancement of protection and stability of the encapsulated drug. Particularly, lipid-based delivery systems, thanks to their biodegradability, low toxicity and similarity with lipids composing epidermis represent promising tools for topical administration of drugs. In this doctorate project, Lipospheres (LS), Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), Ethosomes (ETHO), and Poloxamer Gels have been proposed as new carrier systems for the topical administration of different active substances. Lipospheres Gel containing Clotrimazole have been described for the treatment of Candida albicans. The production method and the characterization in terms of size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, viscosity and adhesion have been realized. Finally, in vitro anticandidal activity studies and release studies have been performed. Furthermore, a scaling up study focused on the production of Progesterone containing nanoparticles in a pilot scale have been investigated. Two different methods were developed and compared in order to obtain formulations in industrial scale. The study of dimension, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and stability of the produced nanoparticles has been realized. Moreover, the in vitro release and skin permeation studies have been performed by dialysis and Franz cells methods respectively, and the in vivo experiments have been conducted by tape stripping. The production of nanoparticle based gel have been designed to deliver Hyaluronic Acid and Retinyl Palmitate onto the skin for wound healing treatment, with the aim of generating a nanoparticulate gel suitable for cutaneous administration. In vitro wound healing have been performed on human cells in order to study the improvement of the drug activity when delivered by nanoparticulate gel. The production of lipid nanoparticles for -tocopherol delivery have been described with the aim of protecting human skin against pollutants, as cigarette smoke. Firstly, a preformulation study has been conducted to select the optimal nanoparticles composition for drug encapsulation. Then, the antioxidant effect of -tocopherol has been investigated though ex vivo experiments on human skin explants. NLC and ETHO containing Ubiquinone have been produced and compared, with the aim of developing a novel strategy in the treatment of Rett syndrome. The lack of stability of NLC-containing Ubiquinone suggested the development of drug-loaded ETHO, resulting as promising lipid-based delivery systems. In vitro experiments revealed the uptake of ETHO into human fibroblasts and the effect of Ubiquinone in protecting cells against oxidative insults. Finally, Poloxamer Gels have been formulated and characterized for the delivery of the antioxidants Gallic Acid and Caffeic Acid. The gels have been analyzed through rheological and spreadability assays, then in vitro tests have been performed to study the diffusion of the drug and the activity on cells. It has to be underlined the importance of a technological screening in the design of novel delivery nanosystems. The study of the components structure as well as their interaction with the interested actives allowed to develop different carrier systems by the employment of innovative techniques, suitable for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.

La pelle è l'organo più esteso del corpo umano e rappresenta un sito importante per l'assorbimento di numerose molecole attive. La somministrazione topica dei farmaci risulta quindi essere una strategia efficace per il trattamento di molte patologie locali e sistemiche, presentando molti vantaggi rispetto alle tradizionali vie di somministrazione orale e parenterale. Le preparazioni topiche convenzionali presentano molti limiti nel rilascio del principio attivo nella circolazione sistemica, quindi sono stati sviluppati dei sistemi di veicolazione innovativi caratterizzati da dimensioni micro e nanometriche. I principali vantaggi di questi sistemi sono il rilascio mirato sul sito d’azione e l’aumento della stabilità del farmaco incapsulato. In particolare, i sistemi di rilascio lipidici, grazie alla loro biodegradabilità, bassa tossicità e somiglianza con i lipidi dell'epidermide risultano promettenti per l’applicazione topica. In questo progetto, Liposfere (LS), Nanoparticelle Solide Lipidiche (SLN), Vettori Lipidici Nanostrutturati (NLC), Etosomi (ETHO) e Gel di Poloxamer sono stati studiati come sistemi di veicolazione per la somministrazione topica di diverse molecole. In seguito alla loro caratterizzazione, sono stati descritti esperimenti in vitro tecnologici e biologici, ex vivo o in vivo per verificare l'efficacia delle formulazioni sviluppate. Liposfere contenenti Clotrimazolo, veicolate all’interno di un gel, sono state studiate per il trattamento di Candida albicans. La caratterizzazione dimensionale, morfologica, di efficienza di incapsulamento, viscosità e adesione, gli studi in vitro sull’attività antimicotica e di rilascio hanno permesso di validare la loro efficacia. È stato poi effettuato uno studio di scaling-up incentrato sulla produzione di nanoparticelle contenenti Progesterone. Sono stati effettuati studi dimensionali, morfologici, di efficienza dell'incapsulamento e di stabilità delle nanoparticelle prodotte in scala industriale. Inoltre, sono stati realizzati studi in vitro di rilascio e di permeazione cutanea rispettivamente con metodi di dialisi e celle di Franz, e studi in vivo mediante tape stripping. Gel nanoparticellari sono stati prodotti per veicolare Acido Ialuronico e Retinil Palmitato per la cicatrizzazione delle ferite, generando un sistema adatto alla somministrazione cutanea. Sono stati quindi eseguiti test di “wound healing” in vitro per studiare l’attività del principio attivo somministrato tramite gel nanoparticellare. SLN e NLC sono state sviluppate anche per il rilascio di -tocoferolo con l'obiettivo di proteggere la pelle umana da inquinanti, come il fumo di sigaretta. Uno studio preformulativo ha permesso di selezionare la composizione ottimale delle nanoparticelle e l'effetto antiossidante di -tocoferolo incapsulato è stato studiato attraverso esperimenti ex vivo su biopsie umane. NLC ed ETHO contenenti Ubichinone sono stati prodotti e confrontati con l'obiettivo di formulare una nuova strategia terapeutica per il trattamento della sindrome di Rett. La scarsa stabilità di NLC ha suggerito lo sviluppo di ETHO, sistemi di rilascio lipidici innovativi. Gli esperimenti in vitro su fibroblasti umani hanno rivelato il passaggio di ETHO attraverso la membrana cellulare e l'effetto dell'Ubichinone nella protezione da stress ossidativo. Infine, gel di Poloxamer sono stati formulati e caratterizzati per la veicolazione di Acido Gallico e Caffeico. I gel sono stati analizzati attraverso studi reologici e di spalmabilità, e sono stati eseguiti test in vitro per studiare la diffusione del principio attivo dai gel e la loro attività sulle cellule. Lo studio della struttura dei composti selezionati, nonché la loro interazione con le molecole attive e uno screening tecnologico, hanno permesso di sviluppare innovativi sistemi di drug delivery impiegabili in campo farmaceutico e cosmetico.

Nanotechnological strategies for topical administration of active compounds

SGUIZZATO, Maddalena
2020

Abstract

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and it represents an important site for absorption of numerous molecules. Hence, the topical administration of drugs is an attractive way for the treatment of many local and systemic pathologies, displaying many advantages compared to the traditional oral and parenteral administration routes. Conventional topical preparations possess several limitations in the delivery of a drug molecule into systemic circulation, thus drug delivery systems characterized by micro and nano dimensions have been considered. The main advantages achieved with the development of novel carries are the targeted delivery and the enhancement of protection and stability of the encapsulated drug. Particularly, lipid-based delivery systems, thanks to their biodegradability, low toxicity and similarity with lipids composing epidermis represent promising tools for topical administration of drugs. In this doctorate project, Lipospheres (LS), Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), Ethosomes (ETHO), and Poloxamer Gels have been proposed as new carrier systems for the topical administration of different active substances. Lipospheres Gel containing Clotrimazole have been described for the treatment of Candida albicans. The production method and the characterization in terms of size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, viscosity and adhesion have been realized. Finally, in vitro anticandidal activity studies and release studies have been performed. Furthermore, a scaling up study focused on the production of Progesterone containing nanoparticles in a pilot scale have been investigated. Two different methods were developed and compared in order to obtain formulations in industrial scale. The study of dimension, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and stability of the produced nanoparticles has been realized. Moreover, the in vitro release and skin permeation studies have been performed by dialysis and Franz cells methods respectively, and the in vivo experiments have been conducted by tape stripping. The production of nanoparticle based gel have been designed to deliver Hyaluronic Acid and Retinyl Palmitate onto the skin for wound healing treatment, with the aim of generating a nanoparticulate gel suitable for cutaneous administration. In vitro wound healing have been performed on human cells in order to study the improvement of the drug activity when delivered by nanoparticulate gel. The production of lipid nanoparticles for -tocopherol delivery have been described with the aim of protecting human skin against pollutants, as cigarette smoke. Firstly, a preformulation study has been conducted to select the optimal nanoparticles composition for drug encapsulation. Then, the antioxidant effect of -tocopherol has been investigated though ex vivo experiments on human skin explants. NLC and ETHO containing Ubiquinone have been produced and compared, with the aim of developing a novel strategy in the treatment of Rett syndrome. The lack of stability of NLC-containing Ubiquinone suggested the development of drug-loaded ETHO, resulting as promising lipid-based delivery systems. In vitro experiments revealed the uptake of ETHO into human fibroblasts and the effect of Ubiquinone in protecting cells against oxidative insults. Finally, Poloxamer Gels have been formulated and characterized for the delivery of the antioxidants Gallic Acid and Caffeic Acid. The gels have been analyzed through rheological and spreadability assays, then in vitro tests have been performed to study the diffusion of the drug and the activity on cells. It has to be underlined the importance of a technological screening in the design of novel delivery nanosystems. The study of the components structure as well as their interaction with the interested actives allowed to develop different carrier systems by the employment of innovative techniques, suitable for both pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.
CORTESI, Rita
CAVAZZINI, Alberto
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478839
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