In the past decades, the rapid urbanization and the industrial development have been the main cause of the Environmental Air Pollution phenomena. Among air pollutants, Particulate Matter (PM), Ozone (O3), Cigarette Smoke (CS) but also Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) are recognized as the most dangerous stressors for human health, contributing to the exacerbation of many pathologies. Due to its location, skin represents the first barrier of our body against the external environment and it is therefore one of the main target organ of the harmful effects of environmental insults. Exposure to air pollutants has been shown to trigger inflammatory and oxidative stress reactions within the cutaneous tissues, by mainly affecting skin lipids and proteins, and thus altering skin functionality and homeostasis. This condition, known as “OxInflammation”, has been recognized in the development of many pathologies including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne and eczema. Nevertheless, the exposure to air pollutants has been associated to the onset of these skin pathologies, although the molecular mechanism involved is yet to be completely clear. The intent of the present study was to investigate and bring new insights in understanding the effect and the mechanism related to skin oxinflammatory and structural damage induced by environmental stressors. For this purpose several skin models have been used, ranging from human keratinocytes to more complex system as Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) and human skin explants. The first step was to investigate the role of O3, in inducing the activation of the NLRP1 Inflammasome, an inflammatory multiprotein complex able to initiate inflammatory responses and also associated to the exacerbation of several skin conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of a prolonged and concomitant exposure of different pollutants, such as Diesel Exhaust (DEE), O3 and UV on human skin biopsies, with and without the topical application of antioxidant compounds. Our results demonstrate that pollutants, when acting together, can exacerbate the cutaneous oxinflammatory and structural damage induced by the single pollutant, suggesting a synergistic effect in damaging the skin homeostasis. Nevertheless, for the first time O3 has been shown to be able in triggering the NLRP1 inflammasome via a redox regulated mechanism and that this inflammatory pathway can represent a new possible therapeutic target in pollution-induced inflammatory skin conditions.

Negli ultimi decenni, la rapida urbanizzazione e lo sviluppo industriale hanno portato ad un continuo rilascio nell’atmosfera di sostanze nocive, contribuendo in questo modo ad un aumento dell’inquinamento ambientale. Fra gli inquinanti atmosferici, il particolato (PM), l’Ozono (O3), il fumo di sigaretta ma anche le radiazione ultraviolette (UV) sono stati riconosciuti come gli agenti più pericolosi per la salute umana, capaci in certi casi di contribuire allo sviluppo o aggravarsi di diverse patologie. La pelle, a causa della sua posizione, rappresenta la prima barriera del nostro organismo verso l’ambiente esterno ed è per tanto uno dei principali tessuti colpiti dall’effetto nocivo degli inquinanti atmosferici. In particolare, vari studi hanno dimostrato come l’esposizione a tali stressors sia in grado di indurre reazioni ossidative ed infiammatorie nel tessuto cutaneo alterando percio’ la funzionalità e l’omeostasi della pelle. Questo fenomeno, noto con il nome di “Oxinflammation”, è alla base di diverse patologie comprese quelle cutanee quali acne, psoriasi, dermatite ecc. Inoltre diverse ricerche hanno dimostrato come l’esposizione ad inquinanti ambientali sia correlata con l’insorgenza di queste patologie cutanee, sebbene i meccanismi molecolari coinvolti in tale processo non siano ancora del tutto chiari. L’intento di questo progetto è stato quello di investigare e portare nuove conoscenze nella comprensione degli effetti nocivi che l’esposizione a stressors ambientali può indurre a livello cutaneo, analizzando i meccanismi correlati al danno ossidativo/infiammatorio e strutturale. A tale scopo sono stati utilizzati diversi modelli di pelle umana a partire dai semplici cheratinociti fino a sistemi più complessi come i modelli di epidermide umana ed espianti di pelle. Per prima cosa è stato valutato l’effetto dell’O3 nell’attivare il pathway infiammatorio relativo all’Inflammosoma NLRP1, un complesso multiproteico in grado di innescare risposte infiammatorie anche relative a patologie cutanee. Parallelamente è stato valutato l’effetto di una esposizione prolungata e concomitante di diversi inquinanti ambientali quali, diesel, ozono e UV su espianti di pelle umana. Inoltre la capacita’ protettiva di un’applicazione topica di sostanze antiossidanti rispetto al danno da inquinanti e’ stata anche fonte del nostro studio. I dati ottenuti dal presente progetto hanno dimostrato un danno additivo degli inquinanti rispetto alla loro singola esposizione in termini di risposte danno ossidativo/infiammatorie di struttura tissutale, suggerendo un potenziale effetto dannoso additivo/sinergico. E’ stato inoltre evidenziato come l’O3 sia in grado di attivare l’inflammosoma NLRP1 secondo un meccanismo di regolazione redox e come questo pathway infiammatorio possa rappresentare un possibile target terapeutico per lo studio di patologie cutanee infiammatorie correlate all’esposizione ad inquinanti ambientali.

Exogenous stressors as a source of cutaneous inflammasome activation and altered tissue redox homerostasis: the oxinflammation phenomena

FERRARA, Francesca
2021

Abstract

In the past decades, the rapid urbanization and the industrial development have been the main cause of the Environmental Air Pollution phenomena. Among air pollutants, Particulate Matter (PM), Ozone (O3), Cigarette Smoke (CS) but also Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) are recognized as the most dangerous stressors for human health, contributing to the exacerbation of many pathologies. Due to its location, skin represents the first barrier of our body against the external environment and it is therefore one of the main target organ of the harmful effects of environmental insults. Exposure to air pollutants has been shown to trigger inflammatory and oxidative stress reactions within the cutaneous tissues, by mainly affecting skin lipids and proteins, and thus altering skin functionality and homeostasis. This condition, known as “OxInflammation”, has been recognized in the development of many pathologies including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne and eczema. Nevertheless, the exposure to air pollutants has been associated to the onset of these skin pathologies, although the molecular mechanism involved is yet to be completely clear. The intent of the present study was to investigate and bring new insights in understanding the effect and the mechanism related to skin oxinflammatory and structural damage induced by environmental stressors. For this purpose several skin models have been used, ranging from human keratinocytes to more complex system as Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) and human skin explants. The first step was to investigate the role of O3, in inducing the activation of the NLRP1 Inflammasome, an inflammatory multiprotein complex able to initiate inflammatory responses and also associated to the exacerbation of several skin conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of a prolonged and concomitant exposure of different pollutants, such as Diesel Exhaust (DEE), O3 and UV on human skin biopsies, with and without the topical application of antioxidant compounds. Our results demonstrate that pollutants, when acting together, can exacerbate the cutaneous oxinflammatory and structural damage induced by the single pollutant, suggesting a synergistic effect in damaging the skin homeostasis. Nevertheless, for the first time O3 has been shown to be able in triggering the NLRP1 inflammasome via a redox regulated mechanism and that this inflammatory pathway can represent a new possible therapeutic target in pollution-induced inflammatory skin conditions.
VALACCHI, Giuseppe
PINTON, Paolo
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478837
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