Pregnancy loss(PL) is the loss of pregnancy resulting in fetal death before 20-28 weeks, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Roughly 10-15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies result in miscarriage. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is specified as two or more consecutive spontaneous loss of pregnancy. RPL affects at least 1-2 %of women in reproductive age. Most of the miscarriage happens during the first trimester of gestation. The main known causes of RPL are chromosomal anomalies, anatomical abnormalities, autoimmune diseases, infection diseases, advanced maternal and paternal age and environmental agents. In 50% of the cases, the causes of RPL are still unknown. The diagnosis takes place only after the death of the embryo, and only a few cases there are follow-up to understand the genetic causes with techniques that can discriminate aneuploidies. The aims of this dissertation is to understand if the genetic and epigenetic profile in the women and, for the first time, on the product of conception play a role in determining the risk of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL). This study analyzes 156 Volunteer termination pregnancy(VTP) and 91 recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), 40 first pregnancy loss (FPL) in a total of 131 cases. The samples were provided by the Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology at The Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy, from 2016 to 2020. I found that the c.677T allele of the SNP rs1801133 in the MTHFR gene associates in mothers with significant increased risk of RPL (p=0.0018) under a co-dominant model, with an almost 3-fold increased risk in T/T homozygote women (p=0.004) and a slight decrease in heterozygotes (p=0.075). In embryos the genotype G/G at the SNP rs2617170 in the gene NKG2D shows a protective effect from RPL (p=0.0067). The anaylsis of methylation of DNA, show no significant LINE-1 methylation difference between gDNA from RPL and VTP in mother’s white blood cells (WBC). However, a significant increase of 5% higher methylation level (p-value 0.0010) can be seen in RPL cases compared to VTP cases when considering gDNA from chorionic villi. A significative effect was observed when considering the exposure to periconceptional supplementation with folic acid (FA) (400 μg/day). In fact, the LINE-1 DNA methylation among RPL cases in CV is significantly higher in cases not supplemented with FA (p-value = 0.030). This study is important because for the first time I examined the gDNA both in mothers and chorionic villi from miscarriage. Until now, the majority of study focus only on mother's blood and sperm from fathers, but no one include also chorionic villi due to difficult to obtained it. This study shows the importance to focus on the trios (mother, father and fetus) during pregnancy in order to prevent miscarriage. Acting on mother life style where this are not suitable for good result of pregnancy. This results lay the foundations for identifying an effective protocol for the treatment of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion without apparent cause, that currently is absent.
L’aborto spontaneo (AS) è la perdita della gravidanza che porta alla morte del feto prima delle 20-28 settimane, secondo l’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS). Circa il 10-15% di tutte le gravidanze clinicamente riconosciute esitano in aborto spontaneo. La perdita di gravidanza ri-corrente (RPL) è definita come due o più aborti spontanei consecutivi. RPL colpisce almeno l’1-2% delle donne in età riproduttiva. La maggior parte degli aborti si verifica durante il primo trimestre di gestazione. Le principali cause conosciute di RPL sono anomalie cromosomiche, anomalie anatomiche, malattie autoimmuni, malattie da infezione, et a materne e paterna avanzata e agenti ambientali. Nel 50 % dei casi, le cause di RPL sono ancora sconosciute. La diagnosi ha luogo solo dopo la morte dell’embrione e solo in pochi casi ci sono follow-up per comprendere le cause genetiche, con tecniche che permettono di discriminare le aneuploidie. Lo scopo di questa tesi è capire se il profilo genetico ed epigenetico nelle donne in gravidanza e, per la prima volta, sul prodotto del concepimento, svolgono un ruolo nel determinare il rischio di perdita della gravidanza(RPL). In questo studio sono stati analizzati 156 campioni di interruzioni volontari di gravidanza (VTP) e 91 di RPL e 40 di abortività spontanea (FPL), per un totale di 131 campioni, utilizzati come casi. I campioni sono stati collezionati presso l’Unita di Ostetricia e Ginecologia all’Ospedale-Universitario Sant’Anna di Ferrara, Italia, dal 2016 al 2020. Le analisi svolte in questa tesi mi hanno permesso di osservare che l’allelec.677T dell’SNP rs1801133 nel gene MTHFR` è associato, nel gruppo delle madri, ad un significativo aumento del rischio di RPL (OR = 1,72, p= 0,0018), seguendo un modello co-dominante. L’aumento del rischio osservato di RPL è aumentato di quasi 3 volte nelle donne omozigoti T/T (OR = 2,64, IC 95 % = 1,33-5,22, p = 0,004). Negli eterozigoti si osserva una leggera diminuzione di tale rischio (OR = 1,61, IC 95% = 0,95-1,77, p = 0,075). Negli embrioni, il genotipo G/G sul SNPrs2617170 nel geneNKG2Dmostra un effetto protettivo per RPL (OR= 0,27, IC 95 % = 0,10-0,72, p = 0,0067). L’analisi della metilazione del DNA non mostra alcuna differenza significativa nella metilazione dellaLINE-1 tra gDNA da RPL e VTP nel sangue materno. Tuttavia, un significativo aumento del livello di metilazione può essere osservata nei casi RPL rispetto ai casi VTP se si considera il gDNA proveniente dai villi corionici (p-value 0.0010). Un effetto significativo si osserva quando si considera l’esposizione della supplementazione periconcezionale con acido folico (400 g/day). Infatti, la metilazione di LINE-1 tra i casi RPL in CV è significativamente più alta rispetto ai casi RPL senza supplementazione con acido folico (p-value = 0.030). Questo studio `e importante perché ́e per la prima volta ho esaminato il gDNA presente nel sangue delle madri soggette ad abortività spontanea che dai villi coriali provenienti dal proprio prodotto di concepimento. Fino ad ora, la maggior parte degli studi si sono concentrati solo sul sangue della madre e/o sullo sperma dei padri, ma nessuno di questi ha incluso analisi anche sui villi coriali a causa della difficoltà del loro reperimento dal materiale materno. Questo studio dimostra l’importanza di concentrarsi sul trio (madre, padre e feto) durante la gravidanza, al fine di prevenire l’abortività ricorrente spontanea. In particolare, può essere rilevante agire direttamente sullo stile di vita materno erroneo che può provocare un esito negativo della gravidanza. Questi risultati gettano le basi per identificare un protocollo efficace per il trattamento delle donne con aborto spontaneo ricorrente senza causa apparente, che attualmente `e assente.
Genetic and epigenetic study in the fetal-maternal diade in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)
ALEOTTI, VALENTINA
2020
Abstract
Pregnancy loss(PL) is the loss of pregnancy resulting in fetal death before 20-28 weeks, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Roughly 10-15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies result in miscarriage. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is specified as two or more consecutive spontaneous loss of pregnancy. RPL affects at least 1-2 %of women in reproductive age. Most of the miscarriage happens during the first trimester of gestation. The main known causes of RPL are chromosomal anomalies, anatomical abnormalities, autoimmune diseases, infection diseases, advanced maternal and paternal age and environmental agents. In 50% of the cases, the causes of RPL are still unknown. The diagnosis takes place only after the death of the embryo, and only a few cases there are follow-up to understand the genetic causes with techniques that can discriminate aneuploidies. The aims of this dissertation is to understand if the genetic and epigenetic profile in the women and, for the first time, on the product of conception play a role in determining the risk of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL). This study analyzes 156 Volunteer termination pregnancy(VTP) and 91 recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), 40 first pregnancy loss (FPL) in a total of 131 cases. The samples were provided by the Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology at The Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy, from 2016 to 2020. I found that the c.677T allele of the SNP rs1801133 in the MTHFR gene associates in mothers with significant increased risk of RPL (p=0.0018) under a co-dominant model, with an almost 3-fold increased risk in T/T homozygote women (p=0.004) and a slight decrease in heterozygotes (p=0.075). In embryos the genotype G/G at the SNP rs2617170 in the gene NKG2D shows a protective effect from RPL (p=0.0067). The anaylsis of methylation of DNA, show no significant LINE-1 methylation difference between gDNA from RPL and VTP in mother’s white blood cells (WBC). However, a significant increase of 5% higher methylation level (p-value 0.0010) can be seen in RPL cases compared to VTP cases when considering gDNA from chorionic villi. A significative effect was observed when considering the exposure to periconceptional supplementation with folic acid (FA) (400 μg/day). In fact, the LINE-1 DNA methylation among RPL cases in CV is significantly higher in cases not supplemented with FA (p-value = 0.030). This study is important because for the first time I examined the gDNA both in mothers and chorionic villi from miscarriage. Until now, the majority of study focus only on mother's blood and sperm from fathers, but no one include also chorionic villi due to difficult to obtained it. This study shows the importance to focus on the trios (mother, father and fetus) during pregnancy in order to prevent miscarriage. Acting on mother life style where this are not suitable for good result of pregnancy. This results lay the foundations for identifying an effective protocol for the treatment of women with recurrent spontaneous abortion without apparent cause, that currently is absent.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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