Ischemic stroke is a multifactorial pathology characterised by different events evolving in time: an acute injury with a massive increase of extracellular glutamate followed by neuroinflammation. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside which modulates many physiological processes through the interaction with adenosine receptors (ARs) named as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3ARs. Adenosine exerts neuroprotective effects via A1ARs, but the use of selective A1ARs agonists is hampered by their peripheral side effects. Many studies suggest that A2AARs antagonists are effective centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while A2AARs agonists, and possibly A2BARs, and A3ARs provide protection by controlling neuroinflammation in the hours and days after the stroke. The aim of the first part of the study was to assess the presence of ARs in lymphocytes from ischemic stroke patients compared to healthy subjects. Noteworthy, only A2AARs expression and density were significantly increased in patients while no differences were found for A1, A2B or A3ARs. These results suggest the involvement of A2AARs in cerebral ischemia. Moreover, a significant increase of S100-β serum levels in ischemic stroke patients in comparison to control subjects has been found. Literature data suggest that the release of S100-β is positively correlated with the severity of the corresponding neurological deficit and the final infarct volume. The second part of the study aimed to investigate the role of adenosine and ARs in an in vitro model of cytotoxicity induced by glutamate in PC12 cells. The results highlight that endogenous adenosine exerts opposite effects on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, by activating the protective A1ARs and stimulating the detrimental A2AARs and A2BARs. Nonetheless, the well-known A1AR agonist CCPA, was only able to partially prevent glutamate damage. An alternative strategy to exploit the protective effect of A1AR activation is represented by positive allosteric modulation that have the capability to increase endogenous agonist affinity, enhancing the activation of the receptor in a more physiological way. TRR 469 is one of the most potent positive allosteric modulators for A1ARs so far synthetized. TRR 469 treatment showed a significant and concentration-dependent reduction of glutamate-induced apoptosis. The TRR 469 protective effect was almost completely reverted by the selective A1ARs antagonist, DPCPX, suggesting that the observed effect on cytotoxicity was due to the enhanced activation of A1ARs by endogenous adenosine. In addition, TRR 469 resulted in significant and complete inhibition of glutamate-induced caspase 3/7 activation. These results suggest that the positive allosteric modulator TRR 469 could be considered a potential therapeutic agent against excitotoxicity, one of primary causes of brain damage after ischemic stroke.

L’ischemia cerebrale è una patologia complessa caratterizzata da un massiccio incremento di glutammato extracellulare seguito da una condizione di neuroinfiammazione che si protrae nel tempo. L’adenosina è un nucleoside endogeno che modula numerosi processi fisiologici grazie all’interazione con quattro sottotipi di recettori denominati A1, A2A, A2B e A3. L’attivazione dei recettori A1 induce effetti neuroprotettivi, anche se l’uso di agonisti mostra effetti collaterali periferici. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che gli antagonisti dei recettori A2A sono efficaci nel ridurre l’eccitotossicità a livello centrale mentre gli agonisti dei recettori A2A ma anche A2B e A3 riducono l’infiltrazione delle cellule del sangue e la neuroinfiammazione nelle ore e giorni seguenti l’insulto ischemico. Lo scopo della prima parte del presente studio è stato determinare la presenza dei recettori dell’adenosina nei linfociti di pazienti colpiti da ictus cerebrale confrontati con soggetti di controllo. Solamente i recettori A2A dell’adenosina sono risultati significativamente aumentati in termini di espressione e densità nei pazienti rispetto ai controlli sani. Questo suggerisce il coinvolgimento del sottotipo recettoriale A2A nell’ischemia cerebrale. Inoltre, nel siero dei pazienti colpiti da ictus ischemico, è stato riscontrato un aumento significativo dei livelli di S100-β, il quale, secondo dati di letteratura, risulta correlato positivamente alla severità del danno neurologico e al volume dell’infarto. La seconda parte dello studio è stata incentrata sulla valutazione del ruolo dell’adenosina in un modello di citotossicità indotta da glutammato in cellule PC12. I risultati hanno evidenziato un ruolo opposto dell’adenosina endogena: l’attivazione A1 risulta protettiva mentre l’attivazione A2A e A2B ha un’azione facilitante sul danno eccitotossico. Il trattamento con l’agonista A1 CCPA ha mostrato solo una parziale riduzione del danno indotto da glutammato. Una strategia alternativa per sfruttare l’effetto protettivo dell’attivazione dei recettori A1 può essere l’utilizzo di modulatori allosterici positivi. TRR 469, un modulatore allosterico positivo sviluppato nei nostri laboratori, ha mostrato una riduzione significativa e concentrazione dipendente dell’apoptosi indotta da glutammato. Questo effetto positivo è stato quasi completamente abolito dall’antagonista DPCPX, dimostrando che l’effetto protettivo di TRR 469 è dovuto alla maggiore attivazione dei recettori A1 da pare dell’adenosina endogena. Inoltre, TRR 469 è stato in grado di inibire l’attivazione delle caspasi 3/7 indotta dal glutammato. Questi risultati suggeriscono che il modulatore allosterico positivo TRR 469 potrebbe rappresentare un potenziale agente terapeutico per ridurre l’eccitossicità, una delle cause primarie di danno neuronale in seguito a ictus ischemico.

The role of adenosinergic system in brain ischemia

PASQUINI, Silvia
2020

Abstract

Ischemic stroke is a multifactorial pathology characterised by different events evolving in time: an acute injury with a massive increase of extracellular glutamate followed by neuroinflammation. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside which modulates many physiological processes through the interaction with adenosine receptors (ARs) named as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3ARs. Adenosine exerts neuroprotective effects via A1ARs, but the use of selective A1ARs agonists is hampered by their peripheral side effects. Many studies suggest that A2AARs antagonists are effective centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while A2AARs agonists, and possibly A2BARs, and A3ARs provide protection by controlling neuroinflammation in the hours and days after the stroke. The aim of the first part of the study was to assess the presence of ARs in lymphocytes from ischemic stroke patients compared to healthy subjects. Noteworthy, only A2AARs expression and density were significantly increased in patients while no differences were found for A1, A2B or A3ARs. These results suggest the involvement of A2AARs in cerebral ischemia. Moreover, a significant increase of S100-β serum levels in ischemic stroke patients in comparison to control subjects has been found. Literature data suggest that the release of S100-β is positively correlated with the severity of the corresponding neurological deficit and the final infarct volume. The second part of the study aimed to investigate the role of adenosine and ARs in an in vitro model of cytotoxicity induced by glutamate in PC12 cells. The results highlight that endogenous adenosine exerts opposite effects on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, by activating the protective A1ARs and stimulating the detrimental A2AARs and A2BARs. Nonetheless, the well-known A1AR agonist CCPA, was only able to partially prevent glutamate damage. An alternative strategy to exploit the protective effect of A1AR activation is represented by positive allosteric modulation that have the capability to increase endogenous agonist affinity, enhancing the activation of the receptor in a more physiological way. TRR 469 is one of the most potent positive allosteric modulators for A1ARs so far synthetized. TRR 469 treatment showed a significant and concentration-dependent reduction of glutamate-induced apoptosis. The TRR 469 protective effect was almost completely reverted by the selective A1ARs antagonist, DPCPX, suggesting that the observed effect on cytotoxicity was due to the enhanced activation of A1ARs by endogenous adenosine. In addition, TRR 469 resulted in significant and complete inhibition of glutamate-induced caspase 3/7 activation. These results suggest that the positive allosteric modulator TRR 469 could be considered a potential therapeutic agent against excitotoxicity, one of primary causes of brain damage after ischemic stroke.
VARANI, Katia
DI VIRGILIO, Francesco
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478829
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