This study characterises the Narosura pastoral Neolithic (PN) pottery fabric from Luxmanda site (ca. 3000-2900 B.P) and compare with local raw clay sources within the Mbulu plateau in the North-Central Tanzania. The pottery samples used in this study were collected from RAPT 2018 excavation campaigns and the raw clay materials were obtained through survey. The pottery samples fabric characterisation and raw clay analysis were both assessed through microscopic and macroscopic analysis, respectively. In macroscopic analysis, typological (Narosura pottery), soil wet sieve (raw clay) and ethnography (contemporary pottery manufacturing) analysis were used. For microscopic analysis, petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were combined to characterize the mineralogical components and chemical variation of both Narosura pottery and clay sources to determine the sources of raw materials used in making pottery found in the Luxmanda site. The results of the studies showed that, the mineralogical and geochemical composition between the raw clay materials and the Narosura PN pottery samples paste are similar. The implication of this study can therefore be suggested that even though different raw clay sources might have been used for making Narosura PN pottery, but a closer homogeneity with local geology indicate that they were produced from the raw clay material derived from similar parent rocks as reflected in the Mbulu plateau geology. The mineralogical and geochemical composition findings from this study on both the raw clay and the Narosura PN pottery samples fabric analysis also support and confirm that pottery from Luxmanda site were locally made not imported outside the Mbulu plateau region as they reflect local geology. Even though it has been long upheld that the spread of Neolithic pottery found in northern parts of Tanzania were brought through migration of earlier pastoralists from the core in southern Kenya, this study however challenges this notion by demonstrating that the Luxmanda pottery were locally made with the clay resources found within the vicinity of Mbulu plateau. The contemporary ethnographic study also revealed that there are several local clay sources suitable for making pottery within Mbulu plateau and are still used by the Mbulu plateau potters. The Narosura PN pottery sample fabric colour variability and the appearance multiple colourations of dark to light (firing clouding) identified in this study also revealed that the firing low and in reducing condition with uncontrolled firing process state. In addition, the lack of calcite (CaCO3) to decompose and the existence of mineralised plant substances in the pottery samples also supported low firing. The presence of some minerals of some minerals like fresh quartz, primary calcite and lack of vitrification in most of Narosura PN pottery samples proved that the firing temperature did not exceed 1000° C. The macroscopic and microscopic analysis in study proved that the majority of the pottery were built by coils in bowls with thin wall and slabs in vessels with thick walls such as cooking and storage pots. The continuous use of coiling method in majority of the pottery samples indicated conservativeness and that the technology of manufacture had changed very little with time. It is also an imprint suggesting that the potter’s skills were inherited and maintained through time. The nature of aplastic inclusions such as tempering materials and voids also indicated the potter’s artistic standardisation and technological standards in the raw clay processing pottery manufacturing.

Questo studio caratterizza il fabric delle ceramiche del del Neolitico pastorale Narosura (PN) del sito di Luxmanda (ca. 3000-2900 a.C.) e lo confronta con le fonti locali di argilla grezza nell'altopiano di Mbulu nella Tanzania centro-settentrionale. I campioni di ceramica utilizzati in questo studio sono stati raccolti dalle campagne di scavo RAPT 2018 e i materiali di argilla grezza sono stati ottenuti tramite sondaggio. La caratterizzazione del fabric dei campioni di ceramica e l'analisi dell'argilla grezza sono state entrambe valutate attraverso l'analisi microscopica e macroscopica, rispettivamente. Nell'analisi macroscopica, sono state utilizzate analisi tipologiche (ceramica di Narosura), di setaccio del suolo umido (argilla grezza) e etnografiche (fabbricazione contemporanea della ceramica). Per l'analisi microscopica, la petrografia, la microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM) e la diffrazione dei raggi X (XRD) sono state combinate per caratterizzare i componenti mineralogici e la variazione chimica sia della ceramica Narosura che delle fonti di argilla per determinare le fonti delle materie prime utilizzate nella produzione della ceramica trovata nel sito di Luxmanda. I risultati dei suddetti studi hanno mostrato che la composizione mineralogica e geochimica tra i materiali argillosi grezzi e i campioni di ceramica di Narosura PN siano simili. Questo studio può quindi ha permesso di definire che, anche se diverse fonti di argilla grezza potrebbero essere state utilizzate per la fabbricazione delle ceramiche Narosura PN, una più stretta omogeneità con la geologia locale, indica che sono state prodotte da materiale argilloso grezzo derivato da rocce madri simili, come si riflette nella geologia dell'altopiano di Mbulu. I risultati della composizione mineralogica e geochimica di questo studio sia sull'argilla grezza che sull'analisi del fabric dei campioni di ceramica Narosura PN supportano e confermano che le ceramiche del sito di Luxmanda sono state prodotte localmente e non importate da fuori della regione dell'altopiano di Mbulu in quanto riflettono la geologia locale. Anche se è stato a lungo sostenuto che la diffusione della ceramica neolitica trovata nelle parti settentrionali della Tanzania sia stata portata attraverso la migrazione dei pastori precedenti dal nucleo del Kenya meridionale, questo studio sfida questa nozione dimostrando che la ceramica di Luxmanda è stata fatta localmente con le risorse di argilla trovate nelle vicinanze dell'altopiano di Mbulu. Lo studio etnografico contemporaneo ha anche rivelato che ci sono diverse fonti locali di argilla adatte alla produzione di ceramiche all'interno dell'altopiano di Mbulu e sono ancora utilizzate dai vasai dell'altopiano di Mbulu. La variabilità del colore del tessuto del campione di ceramica Narosura PN e la comparsa di colorazioni multiple da scure a chiare (offuscamento da cottura) identificate in questo studio, hanno anche rivelato che la cottura è stata bassa e in condizioni di riduzione con un processo di cottura incontrollato. Inoltre, la mancanza di calcite (CaCO3) da decomposizione e l'esistenza di sostanze vegetali mineralizzate nei campioni di ceramica hanno ulteriormente confermatoo la cottura a basse temperature. La presenza di alcuni minerali come il quarzo fresco, la calcite primaria e la mancanza di vetrificazione nella maggior parte dei campioni di ceramica di Narosura PN hanno dimostrato che la temperatura di cottura non ha superato i 1000° C.

Evolution and Archaeometrical Fabric Characterisation of Narosura Pastoral Neolithic Pottery from Luxmanda Site in Mbulu Plateau North-Central Tanzania

OMBORI, Titus Luomba
2021

Abstract

This study characterises the Narosura pastoral Neolithic (PN) pottery fabric from Luxmanda site (ca. 3000-2900 B.P) and compare with local raw clay sources within the Mbulu plateau in the North-Central Tanzania. The pottery samples used in this study were collected from RAPT 2018 excavation campaigns and the raw clay materials were obtained through survey. The pottery samples fabric characterisation and raw clay analysis were both assessed through microscopic and macroscopic analysis, respectively. In macroscopic analysis, typological (Narosura pottery), soil wet sieve (raw clay) and ethnography (contemporary pottery manufacturing) analysis were used. For microscopic analysis, petrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were combined to characterize the mineralogical components and chemical variation of both Narosura pottery and clay sources to determine the sources of raw materials used in making pottery found in the Luxmanda site. The results of the studies showed that, the mineralogical and geochemical composition between the raw clay materials and the Narosura PN pottery samples paste are similar. The implication of this study can therefore be suggested that even though different raw clay sources might have been used for making Narosura PN pottery, but a closer homogeneity with local geology indicate that they were produced from the raw clay material derived from similar parent rocks as reflected in the Mbulu plateau geology. The mineralogical and geochemical composition findings from this study on both the raw clay and the Narosura PN pottery samples fabric analysis also support and confirm that pottery from Luxmanda site were locally made not imported outside the Mbulu plateau region as they reflect local geology. Even though it has been long upheld that the spread of Neolithic pottery found in northern parts of Tanzania were brought through migration of earlier pastoralists from the core in southern Kenya, this study however challenges this notion by demonstrating that the Luxmanda pottery were locally made with the clay resources found within the vicinity of Mbulu plateau. The contemporary ethnographic study also revealed that there are several local clay sources suitable for making pottery within Mbulu plateau and are still used by the Mbulu plateau potters. The Narosura PN pottery sample fabric colour variability and the appearance multiple colourations of dark to light (firing clouding) identified in this study also revealed that the firing low and in reducing condition with uncontrolled firing process state. In addition, the lack of calcite (CaCO3) to decompose and the existence of mineralised plant substances in the pottery samples also supported low firing. The presence of some minerals of some minerals like fresh quartz, primary calcite and lack of vitrification in most of Narosura PN pottery samples proved that the firing temperature did not exceed 1000° C. The macroscopic and microscopic analysis in study proved that the majority of the pottery were built by coils in bowls with thin wall and slabs in vessels with thick walls such as cooking and storage pots. The continuous use of coiling method in majority of the pottery samples indicated conservativeness and that the technology of manufacture had changed very little with time. It is also an imprint suggesting that the potter’s skills were inherited and maintained through time. The nature of aplastic inclusions such as tempering materials and voids also indicated the potter’s artistic standardisation and technological standards in the raw clay processing pottery manufacturing.
ARZARELLO, Marta
VACCARO, Carmela
ARZARELLO, Marta
File in questo prodotto:
File Dimensione Formato  
OMBORI_Tesi.pdf

accesso aperto

Descrizione: Tesi
Tipologia: Tesi di dottorato
Dimensione 8.46 MB
Formato Adobe PDF
8.46 MB Adobe PDF Visualizza/Apri

I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.

Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478823
 Attenzione

Attenzione! I dati visualizzati non sono stati sottoposti a validazione da parte dell'ateneo

Citazioni
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.pmc??? ND
  • Scopus ND
  • ???jsp.display-item.citation.isi??? ND
social impact