PURPOSE The main aim of this research is based on the development and characterization of lipid-based formulations namely lipid-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) for theranostic applications, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), ethosomes (ETHO), transethosomes, gels for dermal and transdermal drug delivery, and liposomes to target biofilm inhibitors. The thesis has mainly focussed on a wide range of aspects such as the delivery of anti-oxidant molecules (ellagic acid, caffeic acid, mangiferin, curcumin) for cutaneous applications. Wherein, their poor solubility problems have been addressed and solved by choosing different compositions and nano-systems. Moreover, a preliminary study on liposomal delivery of synthetic quorum sensing inhibitors has been proposed, which can be helpful to solve the issue of antibiotic resistance. Finally, the last study was to modify the toxicity associated with magnetic nanoparticles by incorporating them into lipid nanoparticles. METHODS The morphology and size distribution of nanosystems loaded with different drug molecules have been investigated by electron microscopy and internal structure using SAXS. The mean diameters have been evaluated by PCS. The HPLC techniques have been employed to assess encapsulation efficiency and chemical stability. The antioxidant power has been evaluated by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methodology. The influence of the type of nanosystems on the diffusion of drug molecules has been evaluated by Franz cell-associated to a nylon membrane, while to evaluate their permeation through the skin, an amperometric study has been conducted, based on porcine SCOE. The effect of formulations on skin resistance and integrity has been evaluated. The various in-vitro and ex-vivo techniques including cytotoxicity assays, biofilm assays, and cigarette smoke exposure, western blot analysis respectively have been employed. RESULTS Firstly, the improved solubility and shelf life of drug molecules have been achieved. It was demonstrated that the inclusion of drug molecules within nanosystems could improve the water solubility, allowing for a reduction of the dosage. Notably, the work and results obtained with skin or enzymes modified oxygen electrode reveal the limitations and the possibilities for developing novel and versatile strategies to understand the effectiveness of nanosystems as carriers for phenolic compounds. This would allow understanding whether the topical application could have even a protective effect not only in the upper epidermis but also even at the lower cutaneous layers, such as basal epidermis and dermis. Secondly, cationic liposomes could be considered as a promising delivery system for quorum sensing inhibitors and can interrupt the biofilms formation to enhance antibiotic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Though nanomedicine is still at an initial phase of development, many therapeutic active agents that exploit nanotechnology have been accepted and commercialized. However, for significant progress to be made toward this goal, much more effort is needed to establish testing criteria, validate efficacy, and accumulate safety data for various nanotherapeutic agents and materials.

SCOPO L'obiettivo principale di questa ricerca si basa sullo sviluppo e la caratterizzazione di formulazioni a base di lipidi, ovvero nanoparticelle magnetiche rivestite di lipidi (MNP) per applicazioni teranostiche, nanoparticelle lipidiche solide (SLN), carriers lipidici nanostrutturati (NLC), etosomi (ETHO), transetosomi, gel per il rilascio di farmaci dermico e transdermico e liposomi per il trasporto di inibitori del biofilm. La tesi si è concentrata principalmente sugli aspetti riguardanti il rilascio di alcune molecole antiossidanti (come acido ellagico, acido caffeico, mangiferina, curcumina) per applicazioni cutanee. Attraverso la scelta dell’opportuna composizione del nanosistema è stato così possibile affrontare e risolvere i problemi di scarsa solubilità di queste molecole. Inoltre, è stato proposto uno studio preliminare di formulazione liposomiale per la somministrazione di inibitori sintetici del quorum sensing, finalizzata a risolvere il problema della resistenza agli antibiotici in particolari patologie. Infine è stato condotto uno studio formulativo per la inclusione di nanoparticelle magnetiche in nanosistemi lipidici finalizzata alla riduzione della loro tossicità in seguito a somministrazione. METODI La morfologia e la distribuzione delle dimensioni dei nanosistemi caricati con le diverse tipologie di farmaco sono state studiate mediante microscopia elettronica, mentre la loro struttura interna è stata studiata utilizzando SAXS. I diametri medi sono stati valutati con misure PCS. La tecnica HPLC è stata impiegata per valutare l'efficienza dell'incapsulamento e la stabilità chimica dei nanosistemi prodotti. Il potere antiossidante è stato valutato con metodo DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrylhydrazyl). L'influenza del tipo di nanosistema sulla diffusione delle molecole incluse è stata valutata utilizzando la cella di Franz associata ad una membrana di nylon, mentre la permeazione attraverso la pelle è stato valutata attraverso uno studio amperometrico, utilizzando un elettrodo SCOE (skin covered oxygen electrode) ricoperto con pelle di suino. Inoltre è stato valutato l'effetto delle formulazioni sulla resistenza e l'integrità della pelle. Sono state impiegate varie tecniche in-vitro ed ex-vivo, quali saggi di citotossicità, d’integrità del biofilm, di esposizione al fumo di sigaretta e analisi western blot. RISULTATI I risultati principali ottenuti sono rappresentati da un miglioramento della solubilità e della stabilità nel tempo delle molecole incapsulate. È stato infatti dimostrato che l'inclusione dei farmaci modello all'interno dei nanosistemi potrebbe migliorarne la solubilità in acqua consentendo una riduzione del dosaggio. In particolare, lo studio e i risultati ottenuti con l'elettrodo SCOE rivelano i limiti ma anche le possibilità nello sviluppo di strategie innovative e versatili per comprendere l'efficacia dei nanosistemi come vettori per composti fenolici. Questo approccio permetterebbe inoltre di capire se l'applicazione topica possa avere anche un effetto protettivo non solo sull'epidermide superiore ma anche sugli strati cutanei profondi, come strato basale e derma. In secondo luogo, i liposomi cationici potrebbero essere considerati un promettente sistema di rilascio per gli inibitori del quorum sensing e possono interrompere la formazione di biofilm per migliorare l'efficacia dell'antibiotico. CONCLUSIONI Sebbene la nanomedicina sia ancora in fase di sviluppo, molti agenti attivi terapeutici che sfruttano la nanotecnologia sono stati approvati e commercializzati. Tuttavia, affinché si possano compiere progressi significativi verso questo obiettivo, sono necessari ulteriori sforzi per stabilire criteri di test, convalidare l'efficacia e accumulare dati di sicurezza per l’utilizzo di questi innovativi agenti e materiali nanoterapeutici.

Design strategies and technical aspects of nanoscale drug carriers

HALLAN, Supandeep Singh
2021

Abstract

PURPOSE The main aim of this research is based on the development and characterization of lipid-based formulations namely lipid-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) for theranostic applications, Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), ethosomes (ETHO), transethosomes, gels for dermal and transdermal drug delivery, and liposomes to target biofilm inhibitors. The thesis has mainly focussed on a wide range of aspects such as the delivery of anti-oxidant molecules (ellagic acid, caffeic acid, mangiferin, curcumin) for cutaneous applications. Wherein, their poor solubility problems have been addressed and solved by choosing different compositions and nano-systems. Moreover, a preliminary study on liposomal delivery of synthetic quorum sensing inhibitors has been proposed, which can be helpful to solve the issue of antibiotic resistance. Finally, the last study was to modify the toxicity associated with magnetic nanoparticles by incorporating them into lipid nanoparticles. METHODS The morphology and size distribution of nanosystems loaded with different drug molecules have been investigated by electron microscopy and internal structure using SAXS. The mean diameters have been evaluated by PCS. The HPLC techniques have been employed to assess encapsulation efficiency and chemical stability. The antioxidant power has been evaluated by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methodology. The influence of the type of nanosystems on the diffusion of drug molecules has been evaluated by Franz cell-associated to a nylon membrane, while to evaluate their permeation through the skin, an amperometric study has been conducted, based on porcine SCOE. The effect of formulations on skin resistance and integrity has been evaluated. The various in-vitro and ex-vivo techniques including cytotoxicity assays, biofilm assays, and cigarette smoke exposure, western blot analysis respectively have been employed. RESULTS Firstly, the improved solubility and shelf life of drug molecules have been achieved. It was demonstrated that the inclusion of drug molecules within nanosystems could improve the water solubility, allowing for a reduction of the dosage. Notably, the work and results obtained with skin or enzymes modified oxygen electrode reveal the limitations and the possibilities for developing novel and versatile strategies to understand the effectiveness of nanosystems as carriers for phenolic compounds. This would allow understanding whether the topical application could have even a protective effect not only in the upper epidermis but also even at the lower cutaneous layers, such as basal epidermis and dermis. Secondly, cationic liposomes could be considered as a promising delivery system for quorum sensing inhibitors and can interrupt the biofilms formation to enhance antibiotic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Though nanomedicine is still at an initial phase of development, many therapeutic active agents that exploit nanotechnology have been accepted and commercialized. However, for significant progress to be made toward this goal, much more effort is needed to establish testing criteria, validate efficacy, and accumulate safety data for various nanotherapeutic agents and materials.
CORTESI, Rita
CAVAZZINI, Alberto
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478817
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