The purpose of the study is to examine strengths and weaknesses of the legal framework applicable to wines bearing a Geographical Indication. While European regulation is so exhaustive and satisfactory that the debate about wines’ GIs could be enriched with new topics (e.g. the cultural, environmental and touristic dimensions of wine GI), at the international level the protection of GIs is far from being adequate. Although the TRIPs Agreement granted an additional protection to GIs for wines (and spirits) – compared to GIs for all other foodstuffs – there are still many gaps which tangibly undermine the chances of GIs producers (mainly the European ones) to take advantage of their added value in the context of global trade. Therefore, it will be analysed the existing legal instruments implemented by the United States (as a model for other countries that have an antithetical view, towards GIs, compared to the European Union’s one) to protect the link between a product and its territory, expressed by GIs. The potential conflicts between this legal system and the TRIPs’ provisions, as well as its similitudes – as far as only wines’ GIs are concerned – with the PODs and PGIs established by the European Union, will be highlighted. At this point, it will be fundamental to elaborate a critical assessment of the trade-in wine relationships between the United States and the European Union, negotiated in the 2006 Bilater Agreement. It will be concluded that, presumably, the terms of the mentioned Agreement revealed to be more favorable to the American counterpart than to us. Finally, the aim of this investigation will be broaden to include the “virtual world”, the World Wide Web. The misuse of GIs in Internet domain names as well as the specific issues concerning the e-commerce of foodstuffs (with a focus on wines) – including the greater exposure of GIs to counterfeiting on Internet – reveal that the need, for the European legislator, to evaluate if the established rules to safeguard the consumers’ rights, the producers’ interests and the very concept of the geographical indication as a sign of intellectual property prove to be effective when transposed from the physical to the virtual world. This evaluation constitutes a priority, for the European Union’s institutions, which can no longer be deferred.

Lo scopo del presente lavoro consiste nel mettere in luce i punti di forza e di debolezza, nonché i margini di miglioramento, dell’attuale quadro giuridico applicabile alle indicazioni geografiche vitivinicole. Se la normativa adottata a livello europeo può dirsi completa e soddisfacente, al punto da arricchirsi di nuovi profili (si pensi ai risolvi culturali, paesaggistici e turistici dei vini DOP e IGP), a livello internazionale, è ancora molta la strada da fare. Benché la protezione accordata dall’Accordo TRIPs alle indicazioni geografiche risulti decisamente più efficace con riguardo ai vini (e agli alcolici), rispetto agli altri alimenti, sono più d’uno i nodi lasciati irrisolti che pregiudicano, concretamente, la possibilità per i produttori (invero soprattutto europei) di vini recanti indicazioni geografiche di beneficiare, nell’agone del commercio globalizzato, del valore aggiunto ad essi connesso. Si procede, quindi, all’esame degli strumenti giuridici impiegati negli Stati Uniti (assunti come modello, in ragione dell’approccio antitetico, rispetto a quello europeo, al tema in oggetto) per tutelare il legame prodotto-territorio espresso dalle indicazioni geografiche. Se ne evidenzia il potenziale contrasto con quanto disposto dall’Accordo TRIPs e, al contempo, limitatamente ai prodotti vitivinicoli, si esplorano gli elementi di similitudine con le DOP e le IGP europee. A questo punto, si approfondiscono i rapporti esistenti tra Stati Uniti e Unione europea, aventi ad oggetto gli scambi di vino tra le Parti, formalizzati nell’Accordo bilaterale del 2006, per giungere alla conclusione che, probabilmente, le condizioni ivi pattuite si sono dimostrate, complessivamente, più vantaggiose per i negoziatori d’Oltreoceano che per noi. Infine, si allarga lo sguardo al “mondo virtuale”, al web. Tanto la questione del conflitto tra indicazioni geografiche e nomi di dominio, quanto le problematiche peculiari poste dall’e-commerce dei prodotti agro-alimentari (vino incluso) – anche in termini di una maggior esposizione, su Internet, delle DOP e delle IGP europee a condotte abusive – evidenziano l’indefettibile esigenza, per il legislatore europeo, di domandarsi se le regole vigenti per tutelare il consumatore, il produttore e l’indicazione geografica come segno della proprietà intellettuale possano dirsi efficaci laddove trasposte dal “mondo fisico” al “mondo virtuale” o se necessitino, invece, di un ripensamento.

La disciplina delle indicazioni geografiche vitivinicole: il collegamento con il territorio, la tutela e le nuove sfide del web

BONORA, GIULIA
2020

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to examine strengths and weaknesses of the legal framework applicable to wines bearing a Geographical Indication. While European regulation is so exhaustive and satisfactory that the debate about wines’ GIs could be enriched with new topics (e.g. the cultural, environmental and touristic dimensions of wine GI), at the international level the protection of GIs is far from being adequate. Although the TRIPs Agreement granted an additional protection to GIs for wines (and spirits) – compared to GIs for all other foodstuffs – there are still many gaps which tangibly undermine the chances of GIs producers (mainly the European ones) to take advantage of their added value in the context of global trade. Therefore, it will be analysed the existing legal instruments implemented by the United States (as a model for other countries that have an antithetical view, towards GIs, compared to the European Union’s one) to protect the link between a product and its territory, expressed by GIs. The potential conflicts between this legal system and the TRIPs’ provisions, as well as its similitudes – as far as only wines’ GIs are concerned – with the PODs and PGIs established by the European Union, will be highlighted. At this point, it will be fundamental to elaborate a critical assessment of the trade-in wine relationships between the United States and the European Union, negotiated in the 2006 Bilater Agreement. It will be concluded that, presumably, the terms of the mentioned Agreement revealed to be more favorable to the American counterpart than to us. Finally, the aim of this investigation will be broaden to include the “virtual world”, the World Wide Web. The misuse of GIs in Internet domain names as well as the specific issues concerning the e-commerce of foodstuffs (with a focus on wines) – including the greater exposure of GIs to counterfeiting on Internet – reveal that the need, for the European legislator, to evaluate if the established rules to safeguard the consumers’ rights, the producers’ interests and the very concept of the geographical indication as a sign of intellectual property prove to be effective when transposed from the physical to the virtual world. This evaluation constitutes a priority, for the European Union’s institutions, which can no longer be deferred.
BORGHI, Paolo
DE CRISTOFARO, Giovanni
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478806
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