1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 1.1 Basic structure of the national legal system ............................................ 5 1.2 List of main legislation transposing and implementing the directives .......... 6 1.3 Sources of law .................................................................................... 7 2 General legal framework ............................................................................ 9 2.1 Constitution ........................................................................................ 9 2.2 Equal treatment legislation ................................................................... 9 3 Implementation of central concepts ......................................................... 11 3.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 11 3.2 Sex/gender/transgender .................................................................... 13 3.3 Direct sex discrimination .................................................................... 13 3.4 Indirect sex discrimination .................................................................. 14 3.5 Multiple discrimination and intersectional discrimination ......................... 15 3.6 Positive action................................................................................... 17 3.7 Harassment and sexual harassment..................................................... 20 3.8 Instruction to discriminate .................................................................. 22 3.9 Other forms of discrimination .............................................................. 22 3.10 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 23 3.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 24 4 Equal pay and equal treatment at work (Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and Recast Directive 2006/54) ................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 25 4.2 Equal pay ......................................................................................... 28 4.3 Access to work, working conditions and dismissal .................................. 31 4.4 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 36 4.5 Remaining issues............................................................................... 38 5 Pregnancy, maternity, and leave related to work-life balance for workers (Directive 92/85, relevant provisions of Directives 2006/54, 2010/18 and 2019/1158) ............................................................................................. 40 5.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 40 5.2 Pregnancy and maternity protection .................................................... 43 5.3 Maternity leave ................................................................................. 46 5.4 Adoption leave .................................................................................. 51 5.5 Parental leave ................................................................................... 51 5.6 Paternity leave .................................................................................. 55 5.7 Time off for force majeure .................................................................. 57 5.8 Care leave ........................................................................................ 57 5.9 Leave in relation to surrogacy ............................................................. 59 5.10 Flexible working time arrangements..................................................... 59 5.11 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 61 5.12 Remaining issues............................................................................... 63 6 Occupational social security schemes (Chapter 2 of Directive 2006/54)..66 6.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 66 6.2 Direct and indirect discrimination ........................................................ 67 6.3 Personal scope .................................................................................. 67 6.4 Material scope ................................................................................... 67 6.5 Exclusions ........................................................................................ 67 6.6 Laws and case law falling under the examples of sex discrimination mentioned in Article 9 of Directive 2006/54 .......................................... 67 6.7 Actuarial factors ................................................................................ 68 6.8 Difficulties ........................................................................................ 68 6.9 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 69 6.10 Remaining issues............................................................................... 69 7 Statutory schemes of social security (Directive 79/7) ............................. 70 3 Country report - gender equality – Italy - 2021 7.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 70 7.2 Implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security.................................................................... 72 7.3 Personal scope .................................................................................. 74 7.4 Material scope ................................................................................... 74 7.5 Exclusions ........................................................................................ 75 7.6 Actuarial factors ................................................................................ 75 7.7 Difficulties ........................................................................................ 75 7.8 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 75 7.9 Remaining issues............................................................................... 76 8 Self-employed workers (Directive 2010/41/EU and some relevant provisions of the Recast Directive)........................................................... 77 8.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 77 8.2 Implementation of Directive 2010/41/EU .............................................. 78 8.3 Personal scope .................................................................................. 79 8.4 Material scope ................................................................................... 79 8.5 Positive action................................................................................... 80 8.6 Social protection ............................................................................... 80 8.7 Maternity benefits.............................................................................. 81 8.8 Occupational social security ................................................................ 82 8.9 Prohibition of discrimination ................................................................ 83 8.10 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 83 8.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 83 9 Goods and services (Directive 2004/113) ................................................ 85 9.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 85 9.2 Prohibition of direct and indirect discrimination ..................................... 85 9.3 Material scope ................................................................................... 85 9.4 Exceptions ........................................................................................ 86 9.5 Justification of differences in treatment ................................................ 86 9.6 Actuarial factors ................................................................................ 86 9.7 Interpretation of exception contained in Article 5(2) of Directive 2004/11386 9.8 Positive action measures (Article 6 of Directive 2004/113)...................... 86 9.9 Specific problems related to pregnancy, maternity or parenthood ............ 86 9.10 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 87 9.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 87 10 Violence against women and domestic violence in relation to the Istanbul Convention ............................................................................................... 88 10.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 88 10.2 Ratification of the Istanbul Convention ................................................. 91 11 Compliance and enforcement aspects (horizontal provisions of all directives) ................................................................................................ 93 11.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 93 11.2 Victimisation ..................................................................................... 93 11.3 Access to courts ................................................................................ 94 11.4 Horizontal effect of the applicable law .................................................. 94 11.5 Burden of proof ................................................................................. 95 11.6 Remedies and sanctions ..................................................................... 95 11.7 Equality body .................................................................................... 96 11.8 Social partners .................................................................................. 97 11.9 Other relevant bodies......................................................................... 97 11.10 Evaluation of implementation.............................................................. 97 11.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 98 12 Overall assessment .................................................................................. 99 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 106
Gender equality. How are EU rules transposed into national law? Italy 2021
Simonetta Renga
2021
Abstract
1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 1.1 Basic structure of the national legal system ............................................ 5 1.2 List of main legislation transposing and implementing the directives .......... 6 1.3 Sources of law .................................................................................... 7 2 General legal framework ............................................................................ 9 2.1 Constitution ........................................................................................ 9 2.2 Equal treatment legislation ................................................................... 9 3 Implementation of central concepts ......................................................... 11 3.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 11 3.2 Sex/gender/transgender .................................................................... 13 3.3 Direct sex discrimination .................................................................... 13 3.4 Indirect sex discrimination .................................................................. 14 3.5 Multiple discrimination and intersectional discrimination ......................... 15 3.6 Positive action................................................................................... 17 3.7 Harassment and sexual harassment..................................................... 20 3.8 Instruction to discriminate .................................................................. 22 3.9 Other forms of discrimination .............................................................. 22 3.10 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 23 3.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 24 4 Equal pay and equal treatment at work (Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and Recast Directive 2006/54) ................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 25 4.2 Equal pay ......................................................................................... 28 4.3 Access to work, working conditions and dismissal .................................. 31 4.4 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 36 4.5 Remaining issues............................................................................... 38 5 Pregnancy, maternity, and leave related to work-life balance for workers (Directive 92/85, relevant provisions of Directives 2006/54, 2010/18 and 2019/1158) ............................................................................................. 40 5.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 40 5.2 Pregnancy and maternity protection .................................................... 43 5.3 Maternity leave ................................................................................. 46 5.4 Adoption leave .................................................................................. 51 5.5 Parental leave ................................................................................... 51 5.6 Paternity leave .................................................................................. 55 5.7 Time off for force majeure .................................................................. 57 5.8 Care leave ........................................................................................ 57 5.9 Leave in relation to surrogacy ............................................................. 59 5.10 Flexible working time arrangements..................................................... 59 5.11 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 61 5.12 Remaining issues............................................................................... 63 6 Occupational social security schemes (Chapter 2 of Directive 2006/54)..66 6.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 66 6.2 Direct and indirect discrimination ........................................................ 67 6.3 Personal scope .................................................................................. 67 6.4 Material scope ................................................................................... 67 6.5 Exclusions ........................................................................................ 67 6.6 Laws and case law falling under the examples of sex discrimination mentioned in Article 9 of Directive 2006/54 .......................................... 67 6.7 Actuarial factors ................................................................................ 68 6.8 Difficulties ........................................................................................ 68 6.9 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 69 6.10 Remaining issues............................................................................... 69 7 Statutory schemes of social security (Directive 79/7) ............................. 70 3 Country report - gender equality – Italy - 2021 7.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 70 7.2 Implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security.................................................................... 72 7.3 Personal scope .................................................................................. 74 7.4 Material scope ................................................................................... 74 7.5 Exclusions ........................................................................................ 75 7.6 Actuarial factors ................................................................................ 75 7.7 Difficulties ........................................................................................ 75 7.8 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 75 7.9 Remaining issues............................................................................... 76 8 Self-employed workers (Directive 2010/41/EU and some relevant provisions of the Recast Directive)........................................................... 77 8.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 77 8.2 Implementation of Directive 2010/41/EU .............................................. 78 8.3 Personal scope .................................................................................. 79 8.4 Material scope ................................................................................... 79 8.5 Positive action................................................................................... 80 8.6 Social protection ............................................................................... 80 8.7 Maternity benefits.............................................................................. 81 8.8 Occupational social security ................................................................ 82 8.9 Prohibition of discrimination ................................................................ 83 8.10 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 83 8.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 83 9 Goods and services (Directive 2004/113) ................................................ 85 9.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 85 9.2 Prohibition of direct and indirect discrimination ..................................... 85 9.3 Material scope ................................................................................... 85 9.4 Exceptions ........................................................................................ 86 9.5 Justification of differences in treatment ................................................ 86 9.6 Actuarial factors ................................................................................ 86 9.7 Interpretation of exception contained in Article 5(2) of Directive 2004/11386 9.8 Positive action measures (Article 6 of Directive 2004/113)...................... 86 9.9 Specific problems related to pregnancy, maternity or parenthood ............ 86 9.10 Evaluation of implementation .............................................................. 87 9.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 87 10 Violence against women and domestic violence in relation to the Istanbul Convention ............................................................................................... 88 10.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 88 10.2 Ratification of the Istanbul Convention ................................................. 91 11 Compliance and enforcement aspects (horizontal provisions of all directives) ................................................................................................ 93 11.1 General (legal) context....................................................................... 93 11.2 Victimisation ..................................................................................... 93 11.3 Access to courts ................................................................................ 94 11.4 Horizontal effect of the applicable law .................................................. 94 11.5 Burden of proof ................................................................................. 95 11.6 Remedies and sanctions ..................................................................... 95 11.7 Equality body .................................................................................... 96 11.8 Social partners .................................................................................. 97 11.9 Other relevant bodies......................................................................... 97 11.10 Evaluation of implementation.............................................................. 97 11.11 Remaining issues............................................................................... 98 12 Overall assessment .................................................................................. 99 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 106I documenti in SFERA sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
