During the phase termed “Orientalizing” (c. 730 -580 B.C.), Etruria participated in a widespread cultural phenomenon that interested the entire Mediterranean basin. It was an extraordinary era that saw the circulation of people, of goods and of ideas and the growth of wealth. Against a background of Phoenician expansion and Greek colonization prestige goods were introduced into the West along with ideas and wisdom deriving from Egypt, from the Aegean and Near East. In Etruria such models of Oriental origin and influences from Greek world, also participant in the Orientalizing phenomenon, coexisted in the years when different worlds encountered each other. After an historical-archeological introduction of the cultures that interact to Orientalizing era in the Tyrrhenian areas, it has been paid attention to some archeological documents of the first millennium B.C. from an iconographic point of view. Observing the use and the transmission of iconographic models typical of the Near East artifacts, it can be realized if there is also correspondence with the comprehension and adherence to the ideology beneath those figurative repertoires. The examination has interested different documents from Near East, Greece and Etruria which have brought different achievements. This introduction has paved the way towards the development of the research since it has interested one of the most fascinating challenges of contemporary archeological studies: the presence of immigrant artisans come to the West. Since Padanian Etruria is the most interesting area, this study has tried to examine the Felsina foreign characters which suggest the presence of immigrant artisans who were employed in loco: sculptures, decorations and structures of the city of the aristoi. The archaeological excavations of last two decades in Bologna, which testify the existence of a proto-city around the half of eighth century B.C. and mostly in the seventh century B.C. for the construction of which it is hard to think only about local artisans, have been re-examined in this work. Even if some archaeologists think about Mediterranean workers, nevertheless we can consider the presence of Levantine immigrant workers in the West. Moreover, the Near East imports came to Padanian Etruria during the Orientalizing era have been surveyed here for the first time. Then, it has been tried a widening of the research of some sculptures, already assigned to foreign artisans, from an iconographic point of view. The final overall picture, come of the Near East imports to Padanian Etruria and of Felsina urban architecture’s and also of the iconographic investigation of some important sculptures (Testa Gozzadini, Stele Zannoni, monuments of via Fondazza), suggests new possible readings.
Nella fase denominata Orientalizzante (circa 730-580 a.C.), l’Etruria partecipa ad un vasto fenomeno culturale che coinvolge l’intero bacino del Mediterraneo. È un’epoca che vede spostamenti di uomini, circolazione di beni e di idee, crescita di ricchezza. Sullo sfondo dell’espansione fenicia e dei movimenti coloniali greci vengono introdotti in Occidente beni di prestigio, idee e saperi provenienti dall’Egitto, dall’area dell’Egeo e dal Vicino Oriente antico. In Etruria convivono così modelli di origine orientale e influenze dal mondo greco, anch’esso partecipe del fenomeno orientalizzante. Dopo un inquadramento storico-archeologico delle fasi e delle culture che interagiscono durante l’Orientalizzante nell’area tirrenica, l’attenzione viene focalizzata sotto il profilo iconografico su una serie di documenti archeologici del I millennio a.C. Dalle modalità di ricezione e utilizzo dei modelli iconografici appartenenti ai manufatti vicino-orientali giunti in Occidente, si può comprendere se vi corrisponde anche la comprensione e l’adesione all’ideologia sottesa a quei repertori figurativi. La disamina ha interessato diversi documenti di provenienza vicino-orientale, greca ed etrusca, che hanno sfociato in esiti diversi. Questa prima parte della tesi ha gettato le premesse per l’avanzamento della ricerca venendo ad interessare una delle sfide più accattivanti degli studi archeologici contemporanei: quello della presenza di maestranze immigrate in Occidente. Poiché l’area di maggior interesse è l’Etruria padana, si tenta di esaminare quei caratteri alloctoni di Felsina che, nel loro complesso, suggeriscono la presenza di maestranze immigrate al lavoro per la committenza locale: sculture ma anche apparati, apprestamenti e strutture per la città degli aristoi. Vengono riesaminati gli scavi archeologici pubblicati condotti nell’ultimo ventennio a Bologna che parlano di una proto-città intorno alla metà dell’VIII secolo a.C. e soprattutto nel VII secolo a.C., per la costruzione della quale non ci si poteva affidare alle sole maestranze locali. Se taluni archeologi infatti rimandano alle esperienze mediterranee, si ritiene che si possano richiamare piuttosto le maestranze levantine immigrate in Occidente. Nella tesi vengono censite per la prima volta le importazioni vicino-orientali giunte in Etruria padana nel corso dell’Orientalizzante. Infine, l’autrice tenta un approfondimento delle ricerche sotto il profilo iconografico di alcune sculture già assegnate alla mano di artigiani stranieri. Il quadro complessivo uscito dall’esame delle importazioni vicino-orientali in Etruria Padana, dall’analisi delle forme e delle strutture urbane di Felsina e dall’approfondimento sotto il profilo iconografico di alcuni importanti documenti scultorei (Testa Gozzadini, Stele Zannoni, segnacoli di via Fondazza) suggerisce in via ipotetica nuovi spunti di lettura.
Dal vicino Oriente all'Occidente: Percorsi ed esiti della cultura ideologica e figurativa nei documenti archeologici del I millennio A.C.
NERI, Diana
2016
Abstract
During the phase termed “Orientalizing” (c. 730 -580 B.C.), Etruria participated in a widespread cultural phenomenon that interested the entire Mediterranean basin. It was an extraordinary era that saw the circulation of people, of goods and of ideas and the growth of wealth. Against a background of Phoenician expansion and Greek colonization prestige goods were introduced into the West along with ideas and wisdom deriving from Egypt, from the Aegean and Near East. In Etruria such models of Oriental origin and influences from Greek world, also participant in the Orientalizing phenomenon, coexisted in the years when different worlds encountered each other. After an historical-archeological introduction of the cultures that interact to Orientalizing era in the Tyrrhenian areas, it has been paid attention to some archeological documents of the first millennium B.C. from an iconographic point of view. Observing the use and the transmission of iconographic models typical of the Near East artifacts, it can be realized if there is also correspondence with the comprehension and adherence to the ideology beneath those figurative repertoires. The examination has interested different documents from Near East, Greece and Etruria which have brought different achievements. This introduction has paved the way towards the development of the research since it has interested one of the most fascinating challenges of contemporary archeological studies: the presence of immigrant artisans come to the West. Since Padanian Etruria is the most interesting area, this study has tried to examine the Felsina foreign characters which suggest the presence of immigrant artisans who were employed in loco: sculptures, decorations and structures of the city of the aristoi. The archaeological excavations of last two decades in Bologna, which testify the existence of a proto-city around the half of eighth century B.C. and mostly in the seventh century B.C. for the construction of which it is hard to think only about local artisans, have been re-examined in this work. Even if some archaeologists think about Mediterranean workers, nevertheless we can consider the presence of Levantine immigrant workers in the West. Moreover, the Near East imports came to Padanian Etruria during the Orientalizing era have been surveyed here for the first time. Then, it has been tried a widening of the research of some sculptures, already assigned to foreign artisans, from an iconographic point of view. The final overall picture, come of the Near East imports to Padanian Etruria and of Felsina urban architecture’s and also of the iconographic investigation of some important sculptures (Testa Gozzadini, Stele Zannoni, monuments of via Fondazza), suggests new possible readings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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